Peter Chalmers Mitchell and antiwar evolutionism in Britain during the Great War

Conclusions It may be concluded that Mitchell's peace evolutionism incorporated most of the features of the cooperationist and Novicovian traditions. He questioned the conflict paradigm that underpinned biological militarism, and reinforced a holistic and more peaceful model of nature by reference to the emerging discipline of ecology. His restrictionist objections to the deterministic tendencies of much prevailing biosocial thought combined philosophical with biological arguments to assert that human history was sui generis, based upon the unique development of human consciousness and the cultural transmission of knowledge. Mitchell's opposition to biological militarism reflected Victorian anxieties about the legitimacy of evolutionary ethics. However, he introduced an innovatory note, linked to the modernist intellectual milieu of the time, when he put objections to the use of analogy on the grounds (1) that the Darwinist paradigm had not been properly established, and (2) that scientific laws themselves were uncertain and subjective.The first objection related to the bitter controversies that racked the biological world in the 1900s when mutation theory thrust the Darwinian concept of natural selection into temporary disrepute. In this respect Mitchell encoutered continuing Darwinist orthodoxy, not least from peace biology itself, while confusion was added by his personal devotion to Darwinism and his sociopolitical suspicion of Mendelian hereditarianism. The later triumph of a new Darwinian synthesis under men like R. A. Fisher made Mitchell's criticisms seem outmoded. In the second respect, Mitchell's attack on the primacy of naturalistic science echoed the epistemology of the new physics and movements such as German neo-Kantianism. However, positivism was still deeply embedded in Britain, indeed enjoying a resurgence from the last decade of the nineteenth century.⁷⁹ Mitchell's critique of the Darwinist version of it seems to have been too novel and puzzling to influence a generation still convinced of the soundness of the science.Mitchell made more impact when he put his objections to the use of analogy on the grounds of professional methodology. As a naturalist, he could argue:It is impossible to make correct comparisons even between an insect and spider, two creatures so closely allied that only zoologists would separate them, unless we could trace the qualities of the insect and of the spider respectively down to their common ancestor, and in so doing we should almost certainly lose all that made the comparison interesting and significant, and be left with little more than the qualities common to all protoplasm..., It is quite true that the whole web of life is in physical and physiological community, but considerations drawn from any part of it require so much modification before they can be applied to any other part, that they become merely verbal.⁸⁰ This type of criticism was to have a more lasting heritage. Chalmers Mitchell is worth remembering as an articulate early spokesman of a persistent, if often embattled, modern tradition that has resisted interpretations of human nature and history based upon genetic determinants or immutable biological laws, or upon the use of animal analogies to generalize too freely about human aggression and war.     

我国微茎类吸虫研究:ⅩⅢ.微茎类吸虫成虫结构特征排序

对我国52种微茎类吸虫的18项成虫形态学特征进行主成分分析,结果表明:卵巢位置、子宫延伸位置等7项性状对第一主成分贡献较大,提示描述器官位置的指标是重要的分类依据。52个虫种在前三个主成分上的排序图显示应将其划分成4个亚科。     

An apoptosis-inhibiting baculovirus gene with a zinc finger-like motif.

Spodoptera frugiperda SF-21 cells infected with Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus mutants which lack a functional p35 gene undergo apoptosis, a type of programmed cell death. To identify p35-homologous genes in other baculoviruses, A. californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus DNA containing a deletion in p35 was cotransfected into SF-21 cells along with genomic DNAs from other baculoviruses. One of the viral DNAs which were able to rescue wild-type infection was from Cydia pomonella granulosis virus (CpGV). The CpGV gene responsible for the effect was mapped to a 1.6-kb SalI-SstI subclone of the SalI B fragment of CpGV. The sequence of the SalI-SstI subclone revealed an open reading frame capable of encoding a polypeptide of 31 kDa which was sufficient to rescue wild-type infection; this gene was thus called iap (inhibitor of apoptosis). The predicted sequence of the IAP polypeptide exhibited no significant homology to P35 but contained a zinc finger-like motif which is also found in other genes with the potential to regulate apoptosis, including several mammalian proto-oncogenes and two insect genes involved in embryonic development. In the context of the viral genome, both iap and p35 were able to block apoptosis induced by actinomycin D, indicating that these genes act by blocking cellular apoptosis rather than by preventing viral stimulation of apoptosis. Several independent recombinant viruses derived from cotransfections with either the entire CpGV genome or the 1.6-kb subclone were characterized.     

Human papillomavirus type 16 E7 associates with a histone H1 kinase and with p107 through sequences necessary for transformation.

The transforming function of human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV16) E7 has been shown to depend on activities additional to the ability to bind RB. In this paper we describe two further properties of E7 which may also contribute to transformation, an association with a histone H1 kinase at the G2/M phase of the cell cycle and an ability to bind the RB-related protein p107. The region of E7 identified previously as important for RB binding was found to be involved in the association with the kinase and complex formation with p107, although analysis of E7 point mutants within this region revealed a difference in the precise sequence requirement for RB and p107 binding. Association with the kinase activity correlated with the ability to bind RB, but the restriction of the kinase association to the G2/M phase of the cell cycle implies that this activity might not be directly mediated by RB binding. Since kinase-binding-deficient E7 mutants are also transformation defective, this may represent an independent function of E7 which plays a role in the G2/M phase of the cell cycle.     

我国微茎类吸虫的研究Ⅻ.类茎属及多黄属二新种报道：复殖目：微茎科

本文报道在湛江市附近海域海鸟体内获得的两种吸虫,经鉴定为新种,命名为巨口类茎吸虫,新种Ｍｉｃｒｏｐｈａｌｌｏｉｄｅｓ ｍａｃｒｏｓｔｏｎｒｓ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．,珊瑚多黄吸虫,新种Ｍｕｌｔｉｖｉｔｅｌｌｕｓ ｃｏｒａｌｉｕｓ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．     

以化学纯饲料饲养北京的桃蚜

应用修改后的Dadd和Mitter(1966)全纯饲料配方配制成人工饲料饲养定居在北京温室烟草上的桃蚜 Myzus persicae可完成生活史井连续饲养3代。本文描述饲料配制、饲养和取食量测定的方法。这3代初羽化无翅孤雌胎生雌蚜的平均体重分别为:440±90.7μg,264±104.9μg和312±127.9μg。用放射性同位素稀释法测定取食量的结果得悉若虫期的总取食量每蚜约为1.74μg,相当于1.16μl。     

Prostaglandin synthetase activity from human rheumatoid synovial tissue and its inhibition by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.

1. Prostaglandin synthetase activity was found in a microsomal fraction from human rheumatoid synovia. 2. The microsomes produced PGE2 and a small amount of PGF2 when incubated with arachidonic acid. 3. The pH optimum of the enzyme from this source was similar to that found with microsomal preparations from rabbit renal medullae and bovine seminal vesicles. 4. The enzyme was inhibited in vitro by the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs flurbiprofen, indomethacin and aspirin in the same rank order of potency as prostaglandin synthetase from other tissues.     

三峡库区多年高水位运行对消落带狗牙根生长恢复的影响

为深入了解三峡库区多年高水位运行对消落带优势植物生长恢复的影响,分别于2008年和2017年定量调研了库区长寿段消落带狗牙根(Cynodon dactylon)种群的变化,探讨了库区高水位运行对消落带狗牙根萌发、生长和物质分配的影响。结果表明,多年的高水位运行导致不定芽形成和萌发显著被促进,形成更多的分株;高水位运行导致狗牙根分株的株高、茎宽和叶片数被显著抑制,而叶长和种群的总叶片数被显著促进,且随着消落带水位的降低叶长呈降低趋势,而叶宽和总叶片数呈增加趋势;高水位运行导致狗牙根种群匍匐茎和地下茎的茎长、茎节数和总茎长均被显著促进,且随着消落带水位降低匍匐茎茎长和茎节数呈显著的降低趋势,而地下茎茎长和茎节数呈增加趋势;高水位运行导致狗牙根地下茎储存的干质量呈增加趋势,而分株和匍匐茎的干质量呈降低趋势,而且在种群物质分配中地下茎所占的比例呈增大趋势,低水位狗牙根种群的分株和高水位种群的匍匐茎所占的比例也呈增加趋势。因此,狗牙根不仅具有很强的耐淹和生长恢复能力,也具有很强的拓殖能力,可以作为库区中低位消落带恢复和重建的主要原生物种。     

佛山城市典型森林群落土壤重金属分布、流通及枯落物富集特征

富集重金属的枯落物分解可能提高重金属暴露率,增加人体接触健康风险。为了解南方城市土壤重金属在森林生态系统中的分布及流转情况,通过调查研究了佛山市8个典型森林群落土壤及枯落物重金属含量,分析了各森林群落枯落物对不同重金属的富集效应及重金属随枯落物回归土壤流通量。结果表明:1)城市森林各土壤重金属含量在不同典型群落间差异显著(P<0.05),差异最大为Pb、Cr、Zn,As、Cu、Ni次之,Hg、Cd最小;土层深度(0—20,20—40,40—60 cm)对重金属含量影响显著(P<0.05),差异最大为Cd、Hg,其次为As、Cu,最小为Zn、Ni、Pb、Cr。整体上,Cd、Hg、As、Pb、Zn在0—20 cm最高,表层富集特征明显,Cr和Ni在40—60 cm最高。2)8个森林群落中阴香—白楸—醉香含笑群落(CMMC)枯落物对8种重金属的综合富集系数(TBCF,66.76)最高,其中以Cd的富集效果最突出,富集系数为44.45,且对Pb、Cu、Zn也相对富集;最低的为黧蒴锥—香椿—樟树群落(CTCC),综合富集系数(TBCF)为8.09,仅对Cd、Cr、Cu相对富集,对其余...     

中华鳖对T3菌苗抗原的免疫应答

通过T3菌苗免疫中华鳖后的血清间接凝集抗体效价 (IAT)与免疫保护率 (PRP)的变化探讨了中华鳖的免疫应答规律。中华鳖对T3菌苗能产生较强的应答反应 ,免疫的二龄鳖PRP可达 82 6± 15 2 (19) % ,IAT达 1978 1± 716 4(19)。它对T3菌苗的免疫效应期为 3天 ,第 2 0天时免疫应答处于高峰 ,IAT与PRP分别为 176 8 0± 44 7 6 (4)与 91 7± 14 4(4) % ,持续 10天左右开始下降 ,到第 3个月左右基本上回复到免疫开始时水平。结论为 :中华鳖的免疫应答反应基本介于鱼类与鸟类之间 ,但较偏向于鸟类。