Body sizes,development rates,and genome sizes among Calanus species

Data on embryonic and larval development times (D) of Calanus species are analysed using Blehrádek's temperature (T) function, D = a (T – )^b, with b = – 2.05 as in previous studies. Among these species, for embryonic duration varies directly with temperatures in their geographical ranges and a is related to egg diameter. Using and b from embryonic durations, the fitted values of a for older stages are related to body sizes. Roughly estimated nucleus numbers in single adult females of C. finmarchicus, glacialis and hyperboreus were similar at 72 000, 85 000, and 96 000 respectively. Genome sizes (2C) of adult females are ca. 13 pg DNA in C. finmarchicus and pacificus, ca. 17 pg in C. sinicus, ca. 21 pg in C. helgolandicus and marshallae, and ca. 25 pg in C. glacialis and hyperboreus. These correspond roughly to body sizes and temperature-corrected development rates, quite precisely so in the sibling pair C. finmarchicus and C. glacialis, suggesting that, given similar nucleus numbers, there is nucleotypic control of whole-organism characteristics.     

Development rate of copepod eggs of the genus Calanus

The development time to hatching of eggs of four closely related species of copepods, Calanus helgolandicus (Claus), C. finmarchicus (Gunn.), C. glacialis Jaschnov, and C. hyperboreus Kröyer as a function of temperature is given by .

The constant a is positively correlated with egg diameter, so that large eggs take longer to develop than small eggs. The value of the constant is related to the geographical range of the species.     

Managing the fisheries by social engineering: a re-evaluation of the methods of stock assessment

This paper criticises the management of the world's fisheries that are based upon the use of 'positive' predictions derived from fisheries models, an instrumentalist approach which is illustrated by the practical application of Graham-Schaefer models constructed according to the verificationist's view of science. Instrumentalism is attractive for stock assessment because it appears to meet the need to overcome barriers within fisheries science to the deduction of specific predictions from universal laws. Through the construction of empirical models, existential predictions are produced which ape the specific predictions of the physical sciences and are of no more value in the management of the world's fisheries than the magic spells of witch doctors. To be contrasted with instrumentalism's prophetic use of 'positive' predictions, Karl Popper advocated a realist approach in which theoretical models help us gain factual information about the real-world in the form of what cannot be achieved : 'negative' explanatory predictions produced by models constructed according to the falsificationist's view of science and illustrated by the practical application of theoretical Gordon-Schaefer fisheries models.
The absence within fisheries stock assessment of a suitable alternative to instrumentalism comprises a widespread methodological lacuna. It is proposed that Popper's technological social science, designed to solve problems of social tradition of which overfishing is an example, would fill this lacuna. This technology would employ the services of a social engineer, a modern fisheries manager , who would use the pre-scientific method of trial and error and the negative guidance of bold pattern predictions to re-evaluate the institutions of fisheries management.