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1.
Robbins MM Bermejo M Cipolletta C Magliocca F Parnell RJ Stokes E 《American journal of primatology》2004,64(2):145-159
Life-history traits and ecological conditions have an important influence on primate social systems. Most of what we know about the life-history patterns and social structure of gorillas comes from studies of eastern gorillas (Gorilla beringei sp.), which live under dramatically different ecological conditions compared to western gorillas (Gorilla gorilla sp.). In this paper we present new data on western gorilla social structure and life histories from four study sites, and make comparisons with eastern gorilla populations. Data were obtained from two study sites with gorilla groups undergoing the habituation process (Lossi, Democratic Republic of Congo and Bai Hokou, Central African Republic) and two "bai" studies (Maya Nord and Mbeli Bai, Republic of Congo). The size and structure of these groups were similar to those seen in eastern gorillas. However, differences in the occurrence of various group transitions (group formations, changes between one-male and multimale composition, and group disintegrations) exist, and western gorillas notably exhibit much higher rates of male emigration and correspondingly fewer multimale groups compared to mountain gorillas. Certain phenomena have been observed only rarely, including predation by leopards. The preliminary data show no significant differences in birth rates between western gorillas and mountain gorillas. The ecological variability across gorilla habitats likely explains the flexibility in the social system of gorillas, but we need more information on the social relationships and ecology of western gorillas to elucidate the causes for the similarities and differences between western and eastern gorillas on the levels of individuals, social groups, and population dynamics. 相似文献
2.
Endoparasites of western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) at Bai Hokou, Central African Republic 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Freeman AS Kinsella JM Cipolletta C Deem SL Karesh WB 《Journal of wildlife diseases》2004,40(4):775-781
A coprologic study of free-ranging western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) at Bai Hokou, Dzangha-Ndoki National Park, Central African Republic (2 degrees 51'34'N, 16 degrees 28'03'E) was conducted from October 1999 to November 2000. All 75 fecal samples examined were positive for endoparasites, and each contained at least two species. Parasites present included two genera of amoebae, entodiniomorph ciliates, including Prototapirella gorillae, Troglodytella spp., and Gorillophilus thoracatus, a Balantidium-like organism, strongyle/trichostrongyle eggs (including a presumptive Mammomonogamus sp. and several other genera), Strongyloides sp., Probstmayria sp., a spirurid, a trichuroid, and several unidentified trematodes. Flagellates and cestodes were not found. Despite the presence of a variety of parasite genera, in general, levels of parasitism were low. These data provide baseline parasitologic data for this population as part of a comprehensive health-monitoring program. With the advent of ecotourism in this study area, continued monitoring is indicated for insuring the health of both gorillas and humans in the Bai Hokou study area. 相似文献
3.
Chloé Cipolletta Noemi Spagnoletti Angelique Todd Martha M. Robbins Heather Cohen Sarah Pacyna 《International journal of primatology》2007,28(2):457-476
Though insectivory by large-bodied gorillas may be unexpected, researchers have reported it in all populations of gorillas
studied to date. Our study of 2 well monitored groups of western gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) at Bai Hokou in Dzanga-Ndoki National Park, Central African Republic provides information on frequency and variability of
termite consumption (the most commonly eaten insect) as well as some of the first direct observations of the behavior. Pooled
data from both groups indicate termite feeding on 34% and 83% of days, through fecal analysis and feeding trails, respectively.
Direct observations revealed that termite feeding occurred on 91% of the days for 1 group, in which the silverback fed on
termites during 13% of all feeding scans, making termites the most commonly observed food item. The group that had a higher
density of termite mounds in its home range consumed termites more frequently than the other group did. A higher proportion
of fecal samples from the silverbacks contained termite remains than the ones from adult females and juveniles. Termite consumption
was lower during the dry season, but it does not correlate with rainfall, measures of fruit availability, or fruit consumption.
Displacements at termite mounds occurred more than expected, indicating that they are a patchy, sought-after food resource.
Gorillas did not use tools to extract termites, but they used 2 different techniques to remove them from the cells. Though
culture or social traditions may cause the variation in termite consumption across sites, further investigation of termite
availability and consumption is necessary to rule out ecological and methodological explanations for observed variations. 相似文献
4.
5.
The ranging patterns of western gorillas have been described in relation to their more frugivorous diet as compared to mountain gorillas. However, the lack of data from habituated groups prevents a full understanding of their ranging behavior and its implications for western gorilla social behavior. Unhabituated gorillas often flee from approaching researchers, possibly resulting in longer daily ranges and home range expansions and/or shifts. I report on the influence of habituation on the ranging patterns of a western gorilla group. I analyzed progress in habituation through changes in gorilla reactions, displayed upon detecting the observers. I measured daily path length and home range while following the group's trails and monitored diet via fecal analyses and direct observations. During the study period, habituation progressed and the gorillas increasingly ignored the arrival of observers. As a result, daily path lengths were longer during the early stages of habituation, when the gorillas were avoiding observers. There was no range expansion or shift, though the measure is more difficult to investigate, being subject to error due to variation in sample size. We recorded seasonal changes in the consumption of fruit by gorillas, but no direct effect on ranging patterns is detectable with the data available, which is likely a consequence of the combined effect of habituation and seasonality on group movements. The findings are not only important for understanding the extent of human influence while conducting research on wild gorillas but also suggest the need for caution when interpreting results from non-habituated gorillas. 相似文献
6.
Leosco D Iaccarino G Cipolletta E De Santis D Pisani E Trimarco V Ferrara N Abete P Sorriento D Rengo F Trimarco B 《American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology》2003,285(1):H369-H374
Aging is associated with alterations in beta-adrenergic receptor (beta-AR) signaling and reduction in cardiovascular responses to beta-AR stimulation. Because exercise can attenuate age-related impairment in myocardial beta-AR signaling and function, we tested whether training could also exert favorable effects on vascular beta-AR responses. We evaluated common carotid artery responsiveness in isolated vessel ring preparations from 8 aged male Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats trained for 6 wk in a 5 days/wk swimming protocol, 10 untrained age-matched rats, and 10 young WKY rats. Vessels were preconstricted with phenylephrine (10-6 M), and vasodilation was assessed in response to the beta-AR agonist isoproterenol (10-10-3 x 10-8 M), the alpha2-AR agonist UK-14304 (10-9-10-6 M), the muscarinic receptor agonist ACh (10-9-10-6 M), and nitroprusside (10-8-10-5 M). beta-AR density and cytoplasmic beta-AR kinase (beta-ARK) activity were tested on pooled carotid arteries. beta-ARK expression was assessed in two endothelial cell lines from bovine aorta and aorta isolated from a 12-wk WKY rat. beta-AR, alpha2-AR, and muscarinic responses, but not that to nitroprusside, were depressed in untrained aged vs. young animals. Exercise training restored beta-AR and muscarinic responses but did not affect vasodilation induced by UK-14304 and nitroprusside. Aged carotid arteries showed reduced beta-AR number and increased beta-ARK activity. Training counterbalanced these phenomena and restored beta-AR density and beta-ARK activity to levels observed in young rat carotids. Our data indicate that age impairs beta-AR vasorelaxation in rat carotid arteries through beta-AR downregulation and desensitization. Exercise restores this response and reverts age-related modification in beta-ARs and beta-ARK. Our data support an important role for beta-ARK in vascular beta-AR vasorelaxation. 相似文献
7.
Cipolletta C 《American journal of primatology》2004,64(2):193-205
This study describes how group dynamics and diet have influenced the ranging patterns of a western gorilla group at Bai Hokou, Central African Republic. The results are compared with those from an earlier study [Cipolletta, International Journal of Primatology, 2003], when the same group was larger and undergoing the process of habituation to humans. Data were obtained from maps of the gorillas' travel routes, direct observations, and analysis of fecal samples. Through the years, the group has experienced a decrease in size, from eight to three individuals, with periods of membership fluctuation. The male's search for new mates resulted in a larger home range than was recorded when the group consisted of more individuals. Moreover, despite an average group size of three throughout this study, the monthly range and mean daily path length (DPL) were also larger when the group was acquiring/losing members in new areas, than when no new members joined or left the group. Fruit was consumed year-round, although more heavily so during wet months. The influence of fruit consumption on the ranging patterns was concealed initially by the effect of habituation [Cipolletta, International Journal of Primatology, 2003], and later (at least partially) by the male's search for new mates. In the last 14 months of the study, when the group numbered only three individuals and was ranging in a restricted area, the average DPL, but not the monthly range, increased when the gorillas were consuming more fruit. 相似文献
8.
Attur MG Dave M Cipolletta C Kang P Goldring MB Patel IR Abramson SB Amin AR 《The Journal of biological chemistry》2000,275(51):40307-40315
Interleukin 1 (IL-1), produced by both synovial cells and chondrocytes, plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of cartilage destruction in osteoarthritis (OA). We examined the specific expression and function of IL-1 receptor family-related genes in human joint tissues. Gene array analysis of human normal and OA-affected cartilage showed mRNA expression of IL-1 receptor accessory protein (IL-1RAcp) and IL-1 type I receptor (IL-1RI), but not IL-1 antagonist (IL-1ra) and IL-1 type II decoy receptor (IL-1RII). Similarly, human synovial and epithelial cells showed an absence of IL-1RII mRNA. Functional genomic analyses showed that soluble (s) IL-1RII, at picomolar concentrations, but not soluble TNF receptor:Fc, significantly inhibited IL-1beta-induced nitric oxide (NO) and/or prostaglandin E(2) production in chondrocytes, synovial and epithelial cells. In OA-affected cartilage, the IC(50) for inhibition of NO production by sIL-1RII was 2 log orders lower than that for sIL-1RI. Human chondrocytes that overexpressed IL-1RII were resistant to IL-1-induced IL-1beta mRNA accumulation and inhibition of proteoglycan synthesis. In osteoarthritis, deficient expression by chondrocytes of innate regulators or antagonists of IL-1 such as IL-1ra and IL-1RII (soluble or membrane form) may allow the catabolic effects of IL-1 to proceed unopposed. The sensitivity of IL-1 action to inhibition by sIL-1RII has therapeutic implications that could be directed toward correcting this unfavorable tissue(s) dependent imbalance. 相似文献
9.
The genetic population structure of wild western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) living in continuous rain forest 下载免费PDF全文
Tillmann Fünfstück Mimi Arandjelovic David B. Morgan Crickette Sanz Thomas Breuer Emma J. Stokes Patricia Reed Sarah H. Olson Ken Cameron Alain Ondzie Martine Peeters Hjalmar S. Kühl Chloe Cipolletta Angelique Todd Shelly Masi Diane M. Doran‐Sheehy Brenda J. Bradley Linda Vigilant 《American journal of primatology》2014,76(9):868-878
10.
Ersilia Cipolletta Maria Rosaria Rusciano Angela Serena Maione Gaetano Santulli Daniela Sorriento Carmine Del Giudice Michele Ciccarelli Antonietta Franco Catherine Crola Pietro Campiglia Marina Sala Isabel Gomez-Monterrey Nicola De Luca Bruno Trimarco Guido Iaccarino Maddalena Illario 《PloS one》2015,10(6)