The β-Hemolysin and Intracellular Survival of Streptococcus agalactiae in Human Macrophages

S. agalactiae (group B streptococci, GBS) is a major microbial pathogen in human neonates and causes invasive infections in pregnant women and immunocompromised individuals. The S. agalactiae β-hemolysin is regarded as an important virulence factor for the development of invasive disease. To examine the role of β-hemolysin in the interaction with professional phagocytes, the THP-1 monocytic cell line and human granulocytes were infected with a serotype Ia S. agalactiae wild type strain and its isogenic nonhemolytic mutant. We could show that the nonhemolytic mutants were able to survive in significantly higher numbers than the hemolytic wild type strain, in THP-1 macrophage-like cells and in assays with human granulocytes. Intracellular bacterial multiplication, however, could not be observed. The hemolytic wild type strain stimulated a significantly higher release of Tumor Necrosis Factor-α than the nonhemolytic mutant in THP-1 cells, while similar levels of the chemokine Interleukin-8 were induced. In order to investigate bacterial mediators of IL-8 release in this setting, purified cell wall preparations from both strains were tested and found to exert a potent proinflammatory stimulus on THP-1 cells. In conclusion, our results indicate that the β-hemolysin has a strong influence on the intracellular survival of S. agalactiae and that a tightly controlled regulation of β-hemolysin expression is required for the successful establishment of S. agalactiae in different host niches.     

A microcomputer program for hydropathic analysis of proteins with I/O through word processing and graphics software

A BASIC program has been devised for the hydropathic analysisof protein sequences according to the method of Kyte and Doolittle(1982). The program uses sequence data from input files thatare created with a word processor and produces two types ofoutput file: one contains a bar graph of the hydropathic profilein a format that can be easily edited; the other is a tabulationof hydropathic indices along a protein's sequence that can beused as input by the program for the production of a bar graphor as input into other graphics and analysis software. An MS-DOSmicrocomputer, operating under IBM BASICA or GWBASIC and a dotmatrix printer with block graphics capabilities are the onlyhardware requirements for graphic display of hydropathy profiles.The program is capable of unattended analysis from a list ofup to 15 input files. ; accepted on March 10, 1986     

Globin proteins of the normal and anemic duck

The red blood cells of normal adult ducks contain two main hemoglobins. The most abundant type, HbA, comprises approximately 80% of the total, with the remaining 20% being made up of HbD. An attempt was made to determine whether during hemolytic anemia a special alpha globin chain (alpha s) replaces the alpha chain of HbA found in normal animals. This special stress alpha globin, whose existence has been seriously questioned, was originally postulated to explain the sequence discrepancies obtained between alpha chains of normal and anemic chickens and ducks. Using gel electrophoresis, isoelectric focusing, and HPLC peptide mapping techniques no qualitative differences between the alpha A globins of normal and anemic animals were found. The nature of the beta globin chains present in adult ducks has also never been rigorously established. In this work, a variety of techniques, including HPLC, gel electrophoresis, and microcolumn amino acid analysis, were used to examine the beta chains from each hemoglobin. Using these methods, no differences were found between the beta globin chains of the two hemoglobins.     

Dämpfung der Gewebeatmung (QO2) von Mäuseleber durch künstliche Impulsstrahlung

Zusammenfassung In einem gegen die natürliche Langwellenstrahlung abgeschirmten Versuchsraum wurde die Atmung von Mäuselebergewebe in künstlich erzeugten elektromagnetischen Feldern gemessen. Unter der Einwirkung von zyklonale Wetterlagen simulierenden Programmen (30–100 pulses sec^–1, > 100 mV m^–1, 10–100 kHz) ergab sich im Vergleich zu den Kontroll-QO₂-Werten eine signifikante Dämpfung der Gewebeatmung um 42% ± 2,8% (p<0,001). Die Applikation eines H-Feld-Programms blieb ohne Wirkung. Programme mit Simulierung antizyklonaler Wetterlagen(1–3 pulses sec^–1, <10 mV m^–1, 10 kHz) hatten ebenfalls keinen Einfluss auf die Atmungsgeschwindigkeit der Mäuseleber.

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In a room completely shielded against long wave radiation, liver tissue of mice in a Warburg apparatus was exposed to artificial electromagnetic radiation simulating cyclonic and anticyclonic weather. Under the influence of simulated cyclonic weather programs (30–100 pulses sec^–1, > 100 mV m^–1 10–100 kHz) a significant decrease (42% ± 2,8%) of the respiration rate of the liver tissue was found, compared with the control QO₂ (p < 0,001). The application of a cyclonic weather H-field program had no effect. Simulated anticyclonic weather (1–3 pulses sec^–1, < 10 mV m^–1, 10 kHz) also failed to produce a demonstrable effect on the respiration rate of mouse liver tissue.

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Resume Dans un local absolument protégé contre l'irradiation naturelle par ondes longues, des tissus de foie de souris ont été exposés, dans un appareil de Warburg, à des impulsions électromagnétiques artificielles, correspondant à celles de temps cyclonal et anticyclonal. Sous l'influence des programmes artificiels simulant le temps cyclonal(30–100 pulses sec^–1, > 100 mV m^–1, 10–100 kHz), il a été constaté une inhibitation significative de la respiration tissulaire de 42% ± 2,8% comparée aux valeurs du QO₂ de contrôle (p < 0.001). L'application d'un temps cyclonal-"H-field"-programme séparé, est demeuré sans effet. De même. les signaux de temps anticyclonal(1–3 pulses sec^–1, < 10 mV m^–1, 10 kHz), n'ont eu aucune influence démonstrable sur la vitesse de respiration du fois de souris.

     

Cellular oxidation of lignoceric acid is regulated by the subcellular localization of lignoceroyl-CoA ligases

The acyl-CoA ligases convert free fatty acids to acyl-CoA derivatives, and these enzymes have been shown to be present in mitochondria, peroxisomes, and endoplasmic reticulum. Because their activity is obligatory for fatty acid metabolism, it is important to identify their substrate specificities and subcellular distributions to further understand the cellular regulation of these pathways. To define the role of the enzymes and organelles involved in the metabolism of very long chain (VLC) fatty acids, we studied human genetic cell mutants impaired for the metabolism of these molecules. Fibroblast cell lines were derived from patients with X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD) and Zellweger's cerebro-hepato-renal syndrome (CHRS). While peroxisomes are present and morphologically normal in X-ALD, they are either greatly reduced in number or absent in CHRS. Palmitoyl-CoA ligase is known to be present in mitochondria, peroxisomes, and endoplasmic reticulum (microsomes). We found enzyme-dependent formation of lignoceroyl-CoA in these same organelles (specific activities were 0.32 +/- 0.12, 0.86 +/- 0.12, and 0.78 +/- 0.07 nmol/h per mg protein, respectively). However, lignoceroyl-CoA synthesis was inhibited by an antibody to palmitoyl-CoA ligase in isolated mitochondria while it was not inhibited in peroxisomes or endoplasmic reticulum (ER). This suggests that palmitoyl-CoA ligase and lignoceroyl-CoA are different enzymes and that mitochondria lack lignoceroyl-CoA ligase. This conclusion is further supported by data showing that oxidation of lignoceric acid was found almost exclusively in peroxisomes (0.17 nmol/h per mg protein) but was largely absent from mitochondria and the finding that monolayers of CHRS fibroblasts lacking peroxisomes showed a pronounced deficiency in lignoceric acid oxidation in situ (1.8% of control). In spite of the observation that lignoceroyl-CoA ligase activity is present on the cytoplasmic surface of ER, our data indicate that lignoceroyl-CoA synthesized by ER is not available for oxidation in mitochondria. This organelle plays no physiological role in the beta-oxidation of VLC fatty acids. Furthermore, the normal peroxisomal oxidation of lignoceroyl-CoA but deficient oxidation of lignoceric acid in X-ALD cells indicates that cellular VLC fatty acid oxidation is dependent on peroxisomal lignoceroyl-CoA ligase. These studies allow us to propose a model for the subcellular localization of various acyl-CoA ligases and to describe how these enzymes control cellular fatty acid metabolism.     

Use of a vaginal mucus impedance meter to detect estrus in the cow

Two experiments were conducted to investigate the efficacy of a vaginal mucus impedance meter for the detection of estrus in the dairy cow. In Experiment 1 the positioning of the probe within the vaginal tract was examined in dairy cows (n=6) by measuring mucus impedance at 5-cm intervals during probe withdrawal and comparing these fixed distance measurements with the depth within the vaginal tract at which the lowest impedance measurement was recorded. Measurements at 15 and 20 cm from the vulva were significantly lower than at other fixed depths, but did not show a reduction during estrus. The lowest recording upon withdrawal of the probe, which usually occurred between 15 and 20 cm from the vulva, was significantly lower than at any fixed depth recordings and was reduced proportionate during estrus to 0.14 of its non-estrus value. In Experiment 2 the accuracy of the probe to confirm estrus in cows exhibiting possible estrus signs was examined. Dairy cows (n=191) were inseminated either on the basis of herdsman observation of behavior alone (Treatment A) or on the basis of herdsman observation with cows exhibiting signs of estrous behaviour, but not standing to be mounted, being tested for vaginal mucus impedance (Treatment B). There were no significant treatment differences in the estrus detection rate, conception rate or other reproductive performance parameters. However, in 12% of cows in Treatment B, measurement of vaginal mucus impedance detected an extra estrous event, giving a theoretical increase in the estrus detection rate from 0.67 to 0.74 detected/predicted estrous events. It was concluded that when using a vaginal probe the lowest value in the vaginal tract should be sought, but that using the probe as an adjunct to herdsman's observation would not greatly increase estrus detection rate.     

Mugharet el'Aliya: Affinities of an enigmatic north African Aterian maxillary fragment

Objectives

This study uses a virtual framework to examine the left maxillary fragment of the juvenile fossil from Mugharet el'Aliya, Morocco, found in association with an Aterian lithic industry. Previously, this fossil had been ascribed to modern humans or the Neanderthal lineage based on its “archaic”/“Neanderthal-like” features and apparent large size. Here, we conducted a novel 3D shape comparative analysis of the maxillary fragment to clarify its taxonomic affinities with regard to its size and ontogeny.

Materials and Methods

Eighty Computed Tomography and surface scans representing ontogenetic samples of Homo sapiens and Homo neanderthalensis were used to capture species-specific differences. The toolkit of geometric morphometrics in combination with surface registration and an elastic iterative closest point algorithm were used to create a dataset of meshes with an identical number of corresponding vertices for the maxillae. Multivariate statistics were applied to Procrustes superimposed coordinates derived from the vertices of this dataset.

Results

Our analysis showed affinities of the Mugharet el'Aliya individual with our H. sapiens sample, especially with a subadult individual from Qafzeh. No size-independent affinities with Neanderthals of comparable dental age could be identified.

Discussion

Our results add to the evidence connecting fossils from western Asia, especially Qafzeh and Skhul, and the North African Aterian. Furthermore, Mugharet el'Aliya adds to our knowledge of the ontogenetic development of adult morphology that is frequently used to characterize hominin groups, for example, Neanderthals and modern humans.