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1.
2.
Stephen Francis Ferrari Maria Aparecida Lopes Ferrari 《Primates; journal of primatology》1990,31(3):323-338
The predator avoidance behaviour of a free-ranging group of buffy-headed marmosets,Callithrix flaviceps, was recorded in detail during the course of a long-term study of behavioural ecology at the Fazenda Montes Claros, southeastern
Brazil. Four distinct patterns of predator avoidance behaviour, each with specific vocalisations, were recognised and are
described here. The selection and use of sleeping sites by the study group are also described. An analysis of the records
indicates that these small monkeys are generally most vulnerable to predation by aerial raptors. Variations in the frequency
of alarm calls also indicate that the marmosets tend to be more vigilant at higher levels in the forest and when the leaf
cover is less extensive. The implications of group size and social structure for both the evolution and the efficacy of the
anti-predator behaviour of marmosets are also discussed. 相似文献
3.
The effect of focused high energy microwave treatment (MW) on brain concentrations and molecular forms of substance P, neurokinin A, neuropeptide Y, neurotensin, galanin and calcitonin gene-related peptide was investigated. Groups of rats were treated as follows: 1) MW, storage for 60 min at 22°C, 2) Decapitation, storage for 60 min at 22°C, 3) Decapitation, storage for 60 min at 22°C, MW treatment, 4) MW, decapitation, storage for 2 min at 22°C and 5) Decapitation, storage for 2 min at 22°C. Peptide concentrations were in all instances highest in the MW sacrificed groups. MW increased the concentration of intact peptides by rapid inhibition of peptidase activity and increase in peptide solubility/extractability. 相似文献
4.
Summary Isolated cod brain microtubules from the cold-adapted Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) have previously been shown to be highly detyrosinated, a post-translational modification of tubulin usually found in stable
subsets of microtubules. In this study we found this was not restricted only to isolated brain microtubules. Microtubules
in primary cultures of brain and skin cells were composed of both tyrosinated (Tyr)- and detyrosinated (Glu)-tubulin seen
by immunocytochemistry. Immunoelectron microscopy of isolated microtubules showed that individual microtubules were composed
of a mixture of Tyr- and Glu-tubulin. Leukocytes with extending lamellopodia contained only microtubules stained with the
antibody against Tyr-tubulin, and isolated heart tubulin lacked both Tyr- and Glu-tubulin, suggesting that a relative high
level of detyrosination is a characteristic of most, but not all, cod microtubules. Brain cell microtubules were more resistant
to mitotic inhibitors than skin cell microtubules, but this was not correlated to a difference in detyrosination. Brain and
skin cell microtubules were only partially disassembled when incubated at 0°C. Upon reassembly of microtubules at 12°C, microtubules
were still made of mixtures of Tyr- and Glu-tubulin, indicating that detyrosination of assembled microtubules is rapid and/or
that in cod cells, in contrast to mammalian cells, Glu-tubulin can reassemble to microtubules. Our data show that most cod
microtubules are highly detyrosinated, but this is not the cause of their cold adaptation or drug stability. 相似文献
5.
Nielsen J; Peixoto AA; Piccin A; Costa R; Kyriacou CP; Chalmers D 《Molecular biology and evolution》1994,11(6):839-853
The region of the clock gene period (per) that encodes a repetitive tract
of threonine-glycine (Thr-Gly) pairs has been compared between Dipteran
species both within and outside the Drosophilidae. All the non-
Drosophilidae sequences in this region are short and present a remarkably
stable picture compared to the Drosophilidae, in which the region is much
larger and extremely variable, both in size and composition. The
accelerated evolution in the repetitive region of the Drosophilidae appears
to be mainly due to an expansion of two ancestral repeats, one encoding a
Thr-Gly dipeptide and the other a pentapeptide rich in serine, glycine, and
asparagine or threonine. In some drosophilids the expansion involves a
duplication of the pentapeptide sequence, but in Drosophila pseudoobscura
both the dipeptide and the pentapeptide repeats are present in larger
numbers. In the nondrosophilids, however, the pentapeptide sequence is
represented by one copy and the dipeptide by two copies. These observations
fulfill some of the predictions of recent theoretical models that have
simulated the evolution of repetitive sequences.
相似文献
6.
Carina Ämmälä Krister Bokvist Sheila Galt Patrik Rorsman 《Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)/Molecular Cell Research》1991,1092(3):347-349
The effects of a photoactivatable (DMNPE-caged) ATP-analogue on ATP-regulated K+-channels (KATP-channel) in mouse pancreatic β-cells were investigated using the inside-out patch configuration of the patch-clamp technique. The caged precursor caused a concentration-dependent reduction of channel activity with a Ki of 17 μM; similar to the 11 μM obtained for standard Mg-ATP. The small difference in the blocking capacity between the precursor and ATP is probably the reason why no change in channel activity was observed upon photolysis of the caged molecule and liberation of ATP. It is suggested that the part of the ATP molecule involved in the blocking reaction of the KATP-channel is not sufficiently protected in DMNPE-caged ATP making this compound unsuitable for studying the rapid kinetics of ATP-induced KATP-channel inhibition. 相似文献
7.
Genomic Organization and Evolution of Alternative Exons in a Drosophila Calcium Channel Gene 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2 下载免费PDF全文
The genomic organization of a gene coding for an α1 subunit of a voltage-gated calcium channel of Drosophila melanogaster (Dmca1A) was determined. Thirty-four exons, distributed over 45 kb of genomic sequence, have been identified and mapped, including exons in three regions involved in alternative splicing and new sites potentially involved in RNA editing. The comparison of the intron/exon boundaries of this channel with a mammalian counterpart shows that the genomic structure of these two genes has remained fairly similar during evolution, with more than half of the Drosophila intron positions being perfectly conserved compared to the human channel. Phylogenetic analysis of the mutually exclusive alternative exons revealed that they have diverged considerably. It is suggested that this divergence, rather than reflecting evolutionary age, is the likely result of accelerated rates of evolution following duplication. 相似文献
8.
Izaura Yoshico Hirata Maria Helena Sedenho Cezari Clovis Ryuichi Nakaie Paulo Boschcov Amando Siuiti Ito Maria Aparecida Juliano Luiz Juliano 《Letters in Peptide Science》1995,1(6):299-308
Summary A general procedure, using the commonly employed solid-phase peptide synthesis methodology for obtaining internally quenched fluorogenic peptides with ortho-aminobenzoyl/dinitrophenyl groups as donor-acceptor pairs, is presented. The essential feature of this procedure is the synthesis of an N
-Boc or-Fmoc derivative of glutamic acid with the -carboxyl group bound to N-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)-ethylenediamine (EDDnp), which provides the quencher moiety attached to the C-terminus of the substrate. The fluorescent donor group, ortho-aminobenzoic acid (Abz), is incorporated into the resin-bound peptide in the last coupling cycle. Depending on the resin type used, Abz-peptidyl-Gln-EDDnp or Abz-peptidyl-Glu-EDDnp is obtained. Using the procedure described above, substrates for human renin and tissue kallikreins were synthesised. Spectrofluorimetric measurements of Abz bound to the -amino group of proline showed that strong quenching of Abz fluorescence occurs in the absence of any acceptor group. 相似文献
9.
J Vitoriano-Souza Nd Moreira A Teixeira-Carvalho CM Carneiro FA Siqueira PM Vieira RC Giunchetti SA Moura RT Fujiwara MN Melo AB Reis 《PloS one》2012,7(7):e40745
Vaccine adjuvants are substances associated with antigens that are fundamental to the formation of an intense, durable, and fast immune response. In this context, the use of vaccine adjuvants to generate an effective cellular immune response is crucial for the design and development of vaccines against visceral leishmaniasis. The objective of this study was to evaluate innate inflammatory response induced by the vaccine adjuvants saponin (SAP), incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA), and monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL). After a single dose of adjuvant was injected into the skin of mice, we analyzed inflammatory reaction, selective cell migration, and cytokine production at the injection site, and inflammatory cell influx in the peripheral blood. We found that all vaccine adjuvants were able to promote cell recruitment to the site without tissue damage. In addition, they induced selective migration of neutrophils, macrophages, and lymphocytes. The influx of neutrophils was notable at 12 h in all groups, but at other time points it was most evident after inoculation with SAP. With regard to cytokines, the SAP led to production of interleukin (IL)-2, IL-6, and IL-4. IFA promoted production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interferon (IFN)-γ, IL-6, IL-17, IL-4, and IL-10. We also observed that MPL induced high production of IL-2, TNF-α, and IFN-γ, in addition to IL-6, IL-17, and IL-10. In peripheral blood, values of certain cell populations in the local response changed after stimulation. Our data demonstrate that the three vaccine adjuvants stimulate the early events of innate immune response at the injection site, suggesting their ability to increase the immunogenicity of co-administered antigens. Moreover, this work provides relevant information about elements of innate and acquired immune response induced by vaccine adjuvants administered alone. 相似文献
10.
Recent discovery of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) in genomic DNA raises the question how this sixth base is recognized by cellular proteins. In contrast to the methyl-CpG binding domain (MBD) of MeCP2, we found that the SRA domain of Uhrf1, an essential factor in DNA maintenance methylation, binds 5hmC and 5-methylcytosine containing substrates with similar affinity. Based on the co-crystal structure, we performed molecular dynamics simulations of the SRA:DNA complex with the flipped cytosine base carrying either of these epigenetic modifications. Our data indicate that the SRA binding pocket can accommodate 5hmC and stabilizes the flipped base by hydrogen bond formation with the hydroxyl group. 相似文献