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1.
High level of divergence of male-reproductive-tract proteins, between Drosophila melanogaster and its sibling species, D. simulans 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
We compared male-reproductive-tract polypeptides of Drosophila melanogaster
and D. simulans by using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Approximately
64% of male-reproductive-tract polypeptides were identical between two
randomly chosen isofemale lines from these two species, compared with 83%
identity for third-instar imaginal wing-disc polypeptides. Qualitatively
similar differences were found between reproductive tracts and imaginal
discs when D. sechellia was compared with D. melanogaster and with D.
simulans. When genic polymorphism was taken into account, approximately 10%
of male- reproductive-tract polypeptides were apparently fixed for
different alleles between D. melanogaster and D. simulans; this proportion
is the same as that found for soluble enzymes by one-dimensional gel
electrophoresis. Strikingly, approximately 20% of male-reproductive- tract
polypeptides of either D. melanogaster or D. simulans had no detectable
homologue in the other species. We propose that proteins of the Drosophila
male reproductive tract may have diverged more extensively between species
than have other types of proteins and that much of this divergence may
involve large changes in levels of polypeptide expression.
相似文献
2.
Summary Ammonium nitrate fertilizer, labelled with15N, was applied in spring to winter wheat growing in undisturbed monoliths of clay and sandy loam soil in lysimeters; the rates
of application were respectively 95 and 102 kg N ha−1 in the spring of 1976 and 1975. Crops of winter wheat, oilseed rape, peas and barley grown in the following 5 or 6 years
were treated with unlabelled nitrogen fertilizer at rates recommended for maximum yields. During each year of the experiments
the lysimeters were divided into treatments which were either freelydrained or subjected to periods of waterlogging. Another
labelled nitrogen application was made in 1980 to a separate group of lysimeters with a clay soil and a winter wheat crop
to study further the uptake of nitrogen fertilizer in relation to waterlogging.
In the first growing season, shoots of the winter wheat at harvest contained 46 and 58% of the fertilizer nitrogen applied
to the clay and sandy loam soils respectively. In the following year the crops contained a further 1–2% of the labelled fertilizer,
and after 5 and 6 years the total recoveries of labelled fertilizer in the crops were 49 and 62% on the clay and sandy loam
soils respectively.
In the first winter after the labelled fertilizer was applied, less than 1% of the fertilizer was lost in the drainage water,
and only about 2% of the total nitrogen (mainly nitrate) in the drainage water from both soils was derived from the fertilizer.
Maximum annual loss occurred the following year but the proportion of tracer nitrogen in drainage was nevertheless smaller.
Leaching losses over the 5 and 6 years from the clay and sandy loam soil were respectively 1.3 and 3.9% of the original application.
On both soils the percentage of labelled nitrogen to the total crop nitrogen content was greater after a period of winter
waterlogging than for freely-drained treatments. This was most marked on the clay soil; evidence points to winter waterlogging
promoting denitrification and the consequent loss of soil nitrogen making the crop more dependent on spring fertilizer applications. 相似文献
3.
Model of calcium movements during activation in the sarcomere of frog skeletal muscle 总被引:23,自引:6,他引:17
A model of calcium movement during activation of frog skeletal muscle is described. The model was based on the half sarcomere of a myofibril and included compartments representing the terminal cisternae, the longitudinal sarcoplasmic reticulum, the extramyofibrillar space, and the myofibrillar space. The calcium-binding proteins troponin, parvalbumin, and calsequestrin were present in appropriate locations and with realistic binding kinetics. During activation a time-dependent permeability in the terminal cisternal wall led to calcium release into the myoplasm and its diffusion through the myoplasm longitudinally and radially was computed. After adjustment of three parameters, the model produced a myoplasmic free-calcium concentration that was very similar to those recorded experimentally with calcium indicators. The model has been used to demonstrate the importance of parvalbumin in the relaxation of skeletal muscle, to describe the time course and magnitude of calcium gradients associated with diffusion across the sarcomere, and to estimate the errors associated with the use of aequorin as an intracellular calcium indicator in muscle. 相似文献
4.
Effects of pipette geometry on the time course of solution change in patch clamp experiments. 下载免费PDF全文
The time course of change in current through KATP channels in inside-out membrane patches, after step change of permeant ion (K+) concentration, was measured. A simple model of the patch as a membrane disc at the base of a cone with the apex removed, was able to describe the time course of channel activity after step change of [K+]. By measuring pipette geometry and using jumps of [permeant ion], it was then possible to estimate the time course of concentration at the membrane for jumps of any other ion or gating ligand. A simple channel block mechanism was used to simulate experiments with concentration jumps of a blocking ligand. The rate constants for ligand-channel interaction were extracted by least-squares fitting of computed mass action responses to those observed in simulated experiments. The simulations showed that even with diffusion delays of hundreds of milliseconds (as may occur in inside-out patch experiments), ligand association and dissociation rates of up to 1,000 s-1 could be accurately extracted by this approach. The approach should be generally applicable to the analysis of ligand concentration jump experiments on any ion channel whose activity is modulated by intracellular ligand. 相似文献
5.
6.
Quasi-elastic light scattering has been used to measure the change in the translational diffusion coefficient of hemoglobin upon oxygenation and the difference in the diffusion coefficients of oxy- and methemoglobin. The diffusion coefficients of oxy- and methemoglobin were found to be the same within the experimental accuracy of 0.2%, while the diffusion coefficient of oxyhemoglobin tetramers in solution at 13 mg/ml was found to be 0.8% smaller than that of deoxyhemoglobin at the same concentration, when the reversible dissociation of oxyhemoglobin tetramers into dimers was taken into account. In the limit of zero concentration, the oxyhemoglobin diffusion coefficient was found to be 1.5% ± 1.0% smaller than that of deoxyhemoglobin. This result is in very good agreement with what we predict using atomic coordinates to model the liganded and unliganded hemoglobin molecules as ellipsoids of revolution. 相似文献
7.
The factors responsible for the regulation of regenerative calcium-induced calcium release (CICR) during Ca2+ spark evolution remain unclear. Cardiac ryanodine receptor (RyR) gating in rats and sheep was recorded at physiological Ca2+, Mg2+, and ATP levels and incorporated into a 3D model of the cardiac dyad, which reproduced the time course of Ca2+ sparks, Ca2+ blinks, and Ca2+ spark restitution. The termination of CICR by induction decay in the model principally arose from the steep Ca2+ dependence of RyR closed time, with the measured sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) lumen Ca2+ dependence of RyR gating making almost no contribution. The start of CICR termination was strongly dependent on the extent of local depletion of junctional SR Ca2+, as well as the time course of local Ca2+ gradients within the junctional space. Reducing the dimensions of the dyad junction reduced Ca2+ spark amplitude by reducing the strength of regenerative feedback within CICR. A refractory period for Ca2+ spark initiation and subsequent Ca2+ spark amplitude restitution arose from 1), the extent to which the regenerative phase of CICR can be supported by the partially depleted junctional SR, and 2), the availability of releasable Ca2+ in the junctional SR. The physical organization of RyRs within the junctional space had minimal effects on Ca2+ spark amplitude when more than nine RyRs were present. Spark amplitude had a nonlinear dependence on RyR single-channel Ca2+ flux, and was approximately halved by reducing the flux from 0.6 to 0.2 pA. Although rat and sheep RyRs had quite different Ca2+ sensitivities, Ca2+ spark amplitude was hardly affected. This suggests that moderate changes in RyR gating by second-messenger systems will principally alter the spatiotemporal properties of SR release, with smaller effects on the amount released. 相似文献
8.
Cytochrome P-448 (mol wt 55,000 Daltons) from rabbit liver was purified to a specific content of 16.6 nmol/mg. Mice were immunised with this preparation, their spleens removed and dissociated lymphocytes hybridised with myeloma cells. Four monoclonal antibodies against cytochrome P-448 were raised and partially characterised. All four antibodies interacted with cytochrome P-448 in intact microsomal fractions and selectively immunoadsorbed cytochrome P-448 from solubilised microsomal preparations. One of the antibodies inhibited benzo[a] pyrene hydroxylase activity in a reconstituted system, one had no effect on activity and two increased activity. The possible applications of such antibodies are discussed. 相似文献
9.
10.
Increasing sensitivity of Ca2+ spark detection in noisy images by application of a matched-filter object detection algorithm 下载免费PDF全文
Microscopic calcium (Ca2+) events (such as Ca2+ sparks) are an important area for study, as they help clarify the mechanism(s) underlying intracellular signaling. In the heart, Ca2+ sparks occur as a result of Ca2+ release from the sarcoendoplasmic reticulum, via ryanodine receptor channels. Measurement of Ca2+ spark properties can provide valuable information about the control of ryanodine receptor channel gating in situ, but requires high spatiotemporal resolution imaging, which produces noisy datasets that are problematic for spark detection. Automated detection algorithms may overcome visual detection bias, but missed and false-positive events can distort the distribution of measured Ca2+ spark properties. We present a sensitive and reliable method for the automated detection of Ca2+ sparks in datasets obtained using confocal line-scanning or total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy. This matched-filter detection algorithm (MFDA) employs a user-defined object, chosen to mimic Ca2+ spark properties, and the experimental dataset is searched for instances of the object. Detection certainty is provided by nonparametric statistical testing. The supplied codes can also refine the search object on the basis of those detected to further increase detection sensitivity. In comparison to a commonly used, intensity-thresholding algorithm, the MFDA is more sensitive and reliable, particularly at low signal/noise ratios. The MFDA can also be easily adapted to other signal-detection problems in noisy datasets. 相似文献