Habitat selection and space use overlap between feral horses,pronghorn, and greater sage-grouse in cold arid steppe

Populations of feral horses (Equus ferus caballus) in the western United States have increased during the past decade, consequently affecting co-occurring wildlife habitat. Feral horses may influence 2 native wildlife species, greater sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus; sage-grouse) and pronghorn (Antilocapra americana) through mechanisms of habitat alteration and competition. Wyoming, USA, contains the largest populations of pronghorn and sage-grouse of any state and also has the highest degree of range overlap between feral horses and these species. Consequently, the effects that horses may have on pronghorn and sage-grouse populations in Wyoming have implications at local, state, and population-wide levels. Managers need information concerning habitat selection and space use overlap among these species to develop appropriate management strategies; yet this information is absent for most feral horse management areas. To address this knowledge need, we attached global positioning system (GPS) transmitters to horses, pronghorn, and sage-grouse within the greater Bureau of Land Management–Adobe Town Herd Management Area in southern Wyoming and northern Colorado, USA, between 2017 and 2021 to evaluate habitat selection and space use of all species during 3 biologically relevant seasons: spring (Apr–Jun; sage-grouse breeding, nesting, and early-brood rearing; pronghorn late gestation and early parturition), summer (Jul–Oct; sage-grouse summer and late-brood rearing; pronghorn late parturition and breeding), and winter (Nov–Mar; non-breeding season). Feral horses selected flatter slopes and shorter mean shrub height across all seasons and were closer to water in spring and summer. Pronghorn habitat selection was similar to horses, but they also avoided oil and gas well pads year-round. During spring, sage-grouse selected greater herbaceous cover, flatter slopes, and areas farther from well pads. In summer, sage-grouse selected greater mean shrub height, flatter slopes, and were closer to water. In winter, sage-grouse selected flatter slopes and areas with greater vegetation production during the preceding summer. Our results indicate strong year-round overlap in space use between horses and pronghorn, whereas overlap between horses and sage-grouse is greatest during the summer in this region. Consequently, managers should recognize the potential for horses to influence habitat quality of pronghorn and sage-grouse in the region.     

Variable Spontaneous Mutation and Loss of Heterozygosity among Heterozygous Genomes in Yeast

Mutation and recombination are the primary sources of genetic variation. To better understand the evolution of genetic variation, it is crucial to comprehensively investigate the processes involving mutation accumulation and recombination. In this study, we performed mutation accumulation experiments on four heterozygous diploid yeast species in the Saccharomycodaceae family to determine spontaneous mutation rates, mutation spectra, and losses of heterozygosity (LOH). We observed substantial variation in mutation rates and mutation spectra. We also observed high LOH rates (1.65–11.07×10⁻⁶ events per heterozygous site per cell division). Biases in spontaneous mutation and LOH together with selection ultimately shape the variable genome-wide nucleotide landscape in yeast species.     

Teaching animal habitat selection using wildlife tracking equipment

We present a hands-on outdoor activity coupled with classroom discussion to teach students about wildlife habitat selection, the process by which animals choose where to live. By selecting locations or habitats with many benefits (e.g., food, shelter, mates) and few costs (e.g., predators), animals improve their ability to survive and reproduce. Biologists track animal movement using radio telemetry technology to study habitat selection so they can better provide species with habitats that promote population growth. We present a curriculum in which students locate “animals” (transmitters) using radio telemetry equipment and apply math skills (use of fractions and percentages) to assess their “animal's” habitat selection by comparing the availability of habitat types with the proportion of “animals” they find in each habitat type.     

Total Dental Occlusal Area as a Feeding Constraint Feature in Extant Walruses (Odobenus rosmarus), and Implications for the Evolution of Molluscivory in Odobenidae

Journal of Mammalian Evolution - Mammalian dental formulae often are highly conserved, at least at a generic level. In walruses (Odobenus rosmarus), the constraints of dentition in light of...     

Application of Modeling to Scale-up Dissolution in Pharmaceutical Manufacturing

Liquid mixing scale-up in pharmaceutical industry has often been based on empirical approach in spite of tremendous understanding of liquid mixing scale-up in engineering fields. In this work, we attempt to provide a model-based approach to scale-up dissolution process from a 2 l lab-scale vessel to a 4,000 l scale vessel used in manufacturing. Propylparaben was used as a model compound to verify the model predictions for operating conditions at commercial scale that would result in similar dissolution profile as observed in lab scale. Geometric similarity was maintained between both of the scales to ensure similar mixing characteristics. We utilized computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to ensure that the operating conditions at laboratory and commercial scale will result in similar power per unit volume (P/V). Utilizing this simple scale-up criterion of similar P/V across different scales, results obtained indicate fairly good reproducibility of the dissolution profiles between the two scales. Utilization of concepts of design of experiments enabled summarizing scale-up results in statistically meaningful parameters, for example −90% dissolution in lab scale at a given time under certain operating conditions will result in 75–88% at commercial scale with 95% confidence interval when P/V is maintained constant across the two scales. In this work, we have successfully demonstrated that scale-up of solid dissolution can be done using a systematic process of lab-scale experiments followed by simple CFD modeling to predict commercial-scale experimental conditions.     

Increased sequence diversity coverage improves detection of HIV-specific T cell responses

The accurate identification of HIV-specific T cell responses is important for determining the relationship between immune response, viral control, and disease progression. HIV-specific immune responses are usually measured using peptide sets based on consensus sequences, which frequently miss responses to regions where test set and infecting virus differ. In this study, we report the design of a peptide test set with significantly increased coverage of HIV sequence diversity by including alternative amino acids at variable positions during the peptide synthesis step. In an IFN-gamma ELISpot assay, these "toggled" peptides detected HIV-specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell responses of significantly higher breadth and magnitude than matched consensus peptides. The observed increases were explained by a closer match of the toggled peptides to the autologous viral sequence. Toggled peptides therefore afford a cost-effective and significantly more complete view of the host immune response to HIV and are directly applicable to other variable pathogens.     

Impact of HLA-B alleles, epitope binding affinity, functional avidity, and viral coinfection on the immunodominance of virus-specific CTL responses

Immunodominance is variably used to describe either the most frequently detectable response among tested individuals or the strongest response within a single individual, yet factors determining either inter- or intraindividual immunodominance are still poorly understood. More than 90 individuals were tested against 184 HIV- and 92 EBV-derived, previously defined CTL epitopes. The data show that HLA-B-restricted epitopes were significantly more frequently recognized than HLA-A- or HLA-C-restricted epitopes. HLA-B-restricted epitopes also induced responses of higher magnitude than did either HLA-A- or HLA-C-restricted epitopes, although this comparison only reached statistical significance for EBV epitopes. For both viruses, the magnitude and frequency of recognition were correlated with each other, but not with the epitope binding affinity to the restricting HLA allele. The presence or absence of HIV coinfection did not impact EBV epitope immunodominance patterns significantly. Peptide titration studies showed that the magnitude of responses was associated with high functional avidity, requiring low concentration of cognate peptide to respond in in vitro assays. The data support the important role of HLA-B alleles in antiviral immunity and afford a better understanding of the factors contributing to inter- and intraindividual immunodominance.     

Oral Glucose Tolerance is Associated with Neuroelectric Indices of Attention Among Adults with Overweight and Obesity

Objective

This study aimed to elucidate the relationship between glucose levels and insulin resistance and sensitivity obtained from oral glucose tolerance tests and neurophysiological indices of attention among adults with overweight and obesity.

Methods

Forty adults with overweight or obesity (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m²) underwent dual‐energy x‐ray absorptiometry to assess visceral adipose tissue. Repeated venous blood samples were collected during an oral glucose tolerance test to measure insulin resistance (homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance) and indices of insulin sensitivity (Matsuda index and Stumvoll metabolic clearance rate). Attention was assessed using event‐related brain potentials recorded during a visual oddball task. Amplitude and latency of the P3 wave form in a central‐parietal region of interest were used to index attentional resource allocation and information processing speed.

Results

Following adjustment for visceral adipose tissue, reduced values of Matsuda index and Stumvoll metabolic clearance rate (indicating poor insulin sensitivity) were correlated with longer peak latency, whereas insulin area under the curve was positively related to peak latency, indicating slower information processing. Individuals with decreased insulin sensitivity (Matsuda index < 4.3) had significantly longer P3 latencies compared with individuals with normal insulin sensitivity.

Conclusions

Higher fasting glucose, but not homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance, and reduced indices of glucose sensivity are associated with decrements in attention characterized by slower reaction time and slower information processing speed among adults with overweight and obesity.