Deterrent effect of carboxylic acids on cabbage root fly oviposition

In laboratory experiments, 11 selected carboxylic acids were tested to determine which part of the sinapic acid molecule is responsible for deterring cabbage root fly from laying its eggs on otherwise-acceptable cauliflower host-plants. The deterrent effect was only obtained with compounds containing at least one carboxylic group in the molecule. Hence, the aliphatic acids were as deterrent as the aromatic acids to the fly and all the carboxylic acids were as deterrent as sinapic acid, reducing oviposition by > 50%. The inclusion of two carboxylic groups in the molecule, (e.g. phthalic acid and oxalic acid) did not increase the deterrent effect observed with sinapic acid. Some of the long chain fatty acids, with low volatility, low water solubility and thus greater persistence, offer practical opportunities for deterring Delia radicurn from laying its eggs on plants in the field.     

Further studies relating chlorogenic acid concentration in carrots to carrot fly damage

The effects of first generation carrot fly larval damage on chlorogenic acid concentration in carrots was investigated in a field experiment at Wellesbourne in 1985. In a separate experiment carrots grown in the absence of a resident population of carrot fly were also analysed for chlorogenic acid; these carrots maintained low concentrations of chlorogenic acid through the summer and autumn until low ground temperatures occurred from November to January. The relationship between chlorogenic acid concentration and damage by the first generation of carrot fly was described by a similar model to the one derived previously for late-generation damage but without the cultivar dependence. This may have been because first generation damage takes place in mid-summer when soil temperature is not sufficiently low for differential chlorogenic acid production by carrot cultivars. The model supports the hypothesis that carrot fly damage increases chlorogenic acid production which subsequently encourages further attack. The increase in acid production due to the low winter temperature may be the mechanism which, in turn, induced a differential cultivar response in carrots harvested during the winter.     

Powdery mildew of tobacco (Erysiphe cichoracearum DC)

A Hirst volumetric spore trap, at a height of 30 cm., was used to assess the diurnal distribution of Erysiphe conidia in the air in tobacco crops infected with E. cichoracearum in Rhodesia. Air temperature and humidity, and the length of time leaves were wet each day, were also recorded at the same height, amongst the plants. In four seasons, most conidia were caught between 13.00 and 15.00 hr. There were close positive correlations in 1962 between numbers of conidia per m.3 of air per hour and saturation deficit and air temperature during the same hours (10.00–18.00 hr.) Correlations of total Erysiphe conidia per day with temperature and humidity were very variable; temperature had no apparent effect during three seasons, but in one (1961)there was a highly significant positive correlation between numbers of conidia and the daily duration of temperatures > 25d? C. More conidia were also caught when the air was dry for long periods that season, though temperature probably had the greater effect. In 1962, more conidia were caught per day the longer the air was humid (s.D. 0–1 mb.) In 1961, the amount of rain per day had no apparent effect on numbers of conidia, but in 1962 more were caught the greater the daily rainfall. However, rain, which nearly always fell in the afternoon, also removed most conidia from the air that afternoon. Neither windspeed nor duration of leaf wetness appeared to affect spore dispersion.     

Population genetics and phylogenetics of DNA sequence variation at multiple loci within the Drosophila melanogaster species complex

Two regions of the genome, a 1-kbp portion of the zeste locus and a 1.1- kbp portion of the yolk protein 2 locus, were sequenced in six individuals from each of four species: Drosophila melanogaster, D. simulans, D. mauritiana, and D. sechellia. The species and strains were the same as those of a previous study of a 1.9-kbp region of the period locus. No evidence was found for recent balancing or directional selection or for the accumulation of selected differences between species. Yolk protein 2 has a high level of amino acid replacement variation and a low level of synonymous variation, while zeste has the opposite pattern. This contrast is consistent with information on gene function and patterns of codon bias. Polymorphism levels are consistent with a ranking of effective population sizes, from low to high, in the following order: D. sechellia, D. melanogaster, D.mauritiana, and D. simulans. The apparent species relationships are very similar to those suggested by the period locus study. In particular, D. simulans appears to be a large population that is still segregating variation that arose before the separation of D. mauritiana and D. sechellia. It is estimated that the separation of ancestral D. melanogaster from the other species occurred 2.5-3.4 Mya. The separations of D. sechellia and D. mauritiana from ancestral D. simulans appear to have occurred 0.58- 0.86 Mya, with D. mauritiana having diverged from ancestral D. simulans 0.1 Myr more recently than D. sechellia.      

Variation in Outcrossing Rates in Eichhornia paniculata: Temporal Changes in Populations of Contrasting Style Morph Structure

Abstract Surveys of mating-system parameters in populations of the annual, self-compatible, tristylous, emergent aquatic, Eichhornia paniculata (Pontederiaceae) from N.E. Brazil and Jamaica have indicated that the species exhibits a wide range of outcrossing rates. To investigate whether temporal variation in outcrossing rate was also a feature of populations, open-pollinated families were sampled from five populations of contrasting style morph structure from N.E. Brazil over three consecutive years (1987–1989). Multilocus estimates of outcrossing rate ( t ) were obtained from assays of isozyme polymorphisms using starch gel electrophoresis. There was significant variation both among populations and between years in the frequency of outcrossing. Outcrossing in three tristylous populations was high ( t > 0.80), with relatively small fluctuations occurring over the three-year sampling period. In contrast, in a dimorphic and monomorphic population considerable self-fertilization occurred and the frequency of outcrossing declined significantly from 1987 to 1989 in both populations. In the dimorphic population, increased selfing was associated with a marked reduction in population size and an increase in the frequency of selfing variants of the mid-styled morph. The significance of temporal variation in outcrossing frequency in plant populations is discussed in relation to its effect on population genetic structure and recent models of mating-system evolution.