Response of three lotic assemblages to riparian and catchment‐scale land use: implications for designing catchment monitoring programmes

1. Although many studies have focussed on the effects of catchment land use on lotic systems, the importance of broad (catchment) and fine (segment/reach) scale effects on stream assemblages remain poorly understood. 2. Nine biological metrics for macrophytes (498 sites), benthic macroinvertebrates (491) and fish (478) of lowland and mountain streams in four ecoregions of France and Germany were related to catchment and riparian buffer land use using partial Redundancy Analysis and Boosted Regression Trees (BRTs). 3. Lotic fauna was better correlated (mean max., r = 0.450) than flora (r = 0.277) to both scales of land use: the strongest correlations were noted for mountain streams. BRTs revealed strong non‐linear relationships between mountain assemblage metrics and land use. Correlations increased with increasing buffer lengths, suggesting the importance of near‐stream land use on biotic assemblages. 4. Several metrics changed markedly between 10–20% (mountain ecoregions) and 40–45% (lowland) of arable land use, irrespective of the buffer size. At mountain sites with >10% catchment arable land use, metric values differed between sites with <30% and sites with >30% forest in the near‐stream riparian area. 5. These findings support the role of riparian land use in catchment management; however, differences between mountain and lowland ecoregions support the need for ecoregion‐specific management.     

Influence of thermoperiod and photoperiod on reproductive diapause in Bruchidius atrolineatus (Pic) (Coleoptera, Bruchidae)

Abstract Bruchidius atrolineatus (Pic) is a common pest infesting cowpea seeds ( Vigna unguiculata Walp) in Africa. In the Sahelian zone, the adults are in reproductive diapause during the dry season. Diapause induction depends on the climatic conditions during embryonic and post-embryonic development. A strain of B. atrolineatus originating from the Niamey (13^oN) was reared in different thermoperiodic and photoperiodic conditions. In the thermoperiodic regime 40:25^oC, in continuous darkness, induction of diapause was dependent on the duration of the thermophase. Photoperiod could also influence diapause induction but the response depended on the temperature. When the beetles were reared in conditions of LD 12:12 h, 40:25^oC, for seven generations, the proportion of diapausing adults decreased and their sensitivity to photoperiod increased. In LD 14:10 h, 40:25^CC, the proportion of diapausing adults remained high regardless of the photoperiod. In these conditions, the first emerging adults were sexually active and were used for selection of a strain with a low incidence of diapause. After twelve generations, the proportion of diapausing beetles was lower than 5%. The responses of this selected strain to photo- and thermoperiods were reduced. The sensitivity of B. atrolineatus to photoperiod and thermoperiod could be controlled by genetic systems as observed in other insect species.     

Habitat exploitation and interspecific competition of moulting geese in East Greenland

Jameson Land, East Greenland is a moulting area of c. 5000 non-breeding Pink-footed Geese and 5000 Barnacle Geese. Breeding populations of both species in the area are small and scattered. The moulting Pinkfeet originate from Iceland, and the Barnacle Geese from other parts of East Greenland. Both species arrive in the area at the end of June and moult their remiges in July. Moulting flocks of the two species seldom mix. Pinkfoot flocks are common along coastlines, in wide rivers and on lakes with open views to all sides, while Barnacle Geese predominate in smaller rivers and on lakes with surrounding hills. During moult the geese, and especially the Pinkfeet, are extremely wary and depend on a safe area of water serving as a refuge with nearby food supplies (sedge-dominated marshes). Barnacle Geese graze in a zone 0–100 m from the refuge, Pinkfeet up to 200–250 m from the refuge. The moulting sites fill up with geese according to available marsh areas, and the grazing pressure on average amounts to 594 goose-days per ha during the moulting period. Food intake is estimated at 149 g and 138 g organic material per 24 h by Pinkfeet and Barnacle Geese, respectively, [n 1984, which was sunny and warm, net above-ground primary production of a Carex subspathacea marsh (the prime feeding ground during moult) from the beginning of growth to the end of July was 13–15 g dw m², and it is estimated that the geese consumed 60–69% of the production. In 1983, which was cold, geese probably consumed the entire production. Goose grazing did not affect productivity, but nutrient levels were high in grazed compared with ungrazed shoots, and peaked in early July. When separate, the diet of both species comprises sedges and grasses. Where the species co-exist the amount of mosses in the diet increases, especially in Barnacle Geese. With respect to nutrient and fibre contents, moss is a suboptimal food compared to sedges and grasses. When separate, the geese spend 41–46% of the 24 hr grazing. Where they co-exist, Barnacle Geese spend 62% of the time grazing, while Pinkfeet seem unaffected by the presence of Barnacle Geese. It is argued that carrying capacity for moulting geese is reached. Geese compete for resources, the Barnacle Goose suffering from the presence of the other. The observed distribution pattern is suggested to result from (1) Pinkfeet being limited to certain sites due to extreme wariness, and (2) Barnacle Geese trying to avoid competition by utilizing sites which Pinkfeet are reluctant to use. The experience of older Barnacle Geese of stress when settling with Pinkfeet may be the segregation mechanism. Moult coincides with the onset of growth and peak nutrient levels in the vegetation. It is suggested that the geese undertake moult migrations to Jameson Land both to avoid competition for resources with breeding geese and because they gain advantage from a growing, nutritious vegetation.     

Changes in the Activity of the Maturation-Promoting Factor Are Correlated with Those of a Major Cyclic AMP and Calcium-Independent Protein Kinase During the First Mitotic Cell Cycles in the Early Starfish Embryo

Many studies suggest that MPF activation depends on protein phosphorylation or that MPF is itself a protein kinase. In the present report, cyclic variations of MPF activity have been correlated in vivo with changes in the extent of protein phosphorylation or in vitro with changes of a major protein kinase during the first cell cycles of fertilized starfish eggs. This cycling protein kinase neither requires cAMP nor Ca²⁺. Neither colchicine nor aphidicoline, which inhibits cleavage and chromosome replication respectively, was found to suppress the synchronous and cyclic variations of both MPF and protein kinase activities. Protein synthesis was found to be required for both MPF and protein kinase activities to reappear after their simultaneous drop at the time of mitotic or meiotic cleavages. Production of either MPF or protein kinase activities is not the immediate result of protein synthesis since there is a delay at each cell cycle between the time when protein synthesis is required and the time when both MPF and protein kinase activities are produced. This suggests that both MPF and protein kinase activities might involve some post-translational modification of a precursor protein synthesized during the preceeding cell cycle.     

The Fine Structure of the Paralabial Organelle in the Rumen Ciliate Ophryoscolex purkinjei Stein, 1858

The paralabial organelle of the rumen ciliate Ophryoscolex purkinjei , located on the ventral side of the ciliophor, is a highly specialized part of the somatic cortex. It consists of alternating rows of short modified cilia and thin pellicular folds which form a ridge-like structure. The central "top kinety" is composed of monokinetids which bear cilia with 9 + 2 axonemes and 2 μm in length. The top kinety is accompanied by a comb-shaped fold on its distal side and by a broad wedge-shaped fold on its proximal side. To both sides there follow two or three lateral kineties made of dikinetids. The anterior kinetosome of each pair bears a clavate cilium, only 0.5–0.7 μm in length and with a 9 + 0 axoneme while the cilium of the posterior kinetosome is even shorter. Lateral folds with numerous microtubules cover these lateral kineties and rows of barren basal bodies. The fine structure of this supposed sensory organelle show a basic pattern in four other ophryoscolecids, and its increasing complexity parallels the suggested phylogenetic line of evolution of these ciliates.     

Bushfire incidence,fire hazard and fuel reduction burning

Daily routine 3 p.m. meteorological data for Melbourne, Victoria, were processed to provide estimates of maximum forest fire danger index (including soil-water deficit), potential number of days for failure of fire suppression for given quantities of fuel, and potential number of days for optimal prescribed fuel reduction burning in eucalypt forests given the same quantities of fuel. Although two models for estimating soil dryness gave widely different results, the effect of these differences on the value of the McArthur forest fire danger index (FFDI) was relatively small overall. However, over the 28 years of record, the number of ‘extreme’ days given using the Mount dryness index was 50% greater than that given by the Keetch-Byram index. The number of forest fires in Victoria (as a whole) was found to be related to 3 p.m. FFDI (for Melbourne) and to the incidence of weekends or public holidays. Potentially, bushfires near Melbourne would be ‘uncontrollable’; that is, with an intensity greater than 4000 kW m^-1 on level ground, on an average of about 100 days per year (at 3 p.m.) if ignition were to occur where litter fuel weights were about 301 ha^-1. However, if fuel weights were less than 81 ha^-1, the potential number of ‘uncontrollable’ fires would be near zero. Using equations to predict conditions ideally suited to safe fuel reduction burning at 3 p.m. the average number of appropriate days per year increased from zero at a fuel weight of near 71 ha^-1 to a maximum of 14 at 15 t ha^-1. The extent to which the models used in this study are accurate is arguable so further work is needed.     

Cooperation between Carrier-reactive and Hapten-sensitive Cells <Emphasis Type="Italic">in vitro</Emphasis>

THE mechanism, known as the carrier effect, whereby immunity to one or more determinant groups enhances the response to other determinants on the same multivalent antigen, was first recognized in delayed hypersensitivity to haptens, in which, for an appreciable response, the hapten must be coupled to the same protein carrier for priming and challenge^{1, 2}. Carrier specificity has also been demonstrated in the secondary antibody responses to hapten protein conjugates³. Two alternative hypotheses have been advanced to explain this specificity. The “local environment” hypothesis supposes that the hapten-sensitive cell recognizes both the hapten and the carrier determinants. However, the antihapten antibodies produced do not distinguish details of the carrier molecule and so do not reflect the specificity of the cellular receptor. Furthermore, inert spacer molecules inserted between hapten and carrier do not interfere with carrier specificity in the antibody response³. Reflecting current views on the cooperation between thymus-derived (T) and bone marrow derived (B) lymphocytes in the antibody response to various antigens⁴, the second hypothesis invokes two or more cells, one with receptors directed towards the hapten (hapten-sensitive cell), the others specific for the carrier molecule proper (carrier-reactive cells). Supporting this is the observation that pre-immunization to a particular protein carrier alone could potentiate the primary or secondary antihapten response to a hapten conjugated to that protein⁵. In an adoptive transfer system, moreover, the efficiency of antihapten antibody production by cells primed to a particular hapten-protein conjugate and stimulated with the hapten conjugated on a heterologous protein, is significantly enhanced by the introduction of cells primed to the heterologous carrier alone. Anti-carrier serum antibody does not cause such enhancement⁶. The carrier-reactive cells must therefore cooperate in increasing the efficiency of the hapten-sensitive cells in some way other than by providing humoral anti-carrier antibody. Recent work strongly suggests that carrier reactive cells are thymus-derived^{6, 7}.     

Endemism and ecological islands: the ostracods from Jamaican bromeliads

1. The inhabitants of ecological islands, such as the phytolemata of bromeliad plants, provide an opportunity to examine the genetic patterns resulting from island radiations and draw inferences about modes of speciation.
2. Allozyme electrophoresis, as well as mitochondrial DNA and morphological analyses, were employed to delimit species boundaries and assess the population genetic structure of the ostracods from bromeliads on the island of Jamaica.
3. Nine species from the genus Elpidium were both sexually reproducing and endemic to the island. The other commonly encountered ostracod genus, Candonopsis , was represented by at least two sexually reproducing species.
4. Most Elpidium species showed very restricted distributions, low heterozygosity, and marked gene pool fragmentation, suggesting that population bottlenecks have occurred frequently. Whether founder events played a causal role in the diversification of these ostracods remains uncertain, but bromeliad habitats seem to be a source of high biodiversity, and may represent an ideal setting for extensive allopatric speciation.