Geographic variation in jungle cat (Felis chaus Schreber, 1777) (Mammalia,Carnivora, Felidae) body size: is competition responsible?

There is a striking difference in body size of jungle cats ( Felis chaus ) in the west and the east of their distribution, with Israeli cats being 43% heavier than Indian cats. We tested the hypothesis that increasing competition from other small felids towards the east is responsible for the difference in body size. We measured jungle cat skulls for eight cranial and dental variables and related these to independent variables such as species richness (local and regional), latitude, longitude, temperature, and precipitation. Data from a narrow band between latitudes 24.0°N and 33.9°N, where Bergmann's rule was largely not observed, showed that the western population (≤ 50.0°E longitude) of jungle cats is larger than the eastern (> 60.0°E longitude) population with the size difference being most evident in the upper carnassials (P⁴L). Species richness at the regional level showed a significant negative relation to P⁴L. An even spacing in condylobasal length for a small-cat guild from India through null model analysis indicated the occurrence of character displacement. The results support the hypothesis that competition is responsible for geographical variation in jungle cat body size in the region where Bergmann's rule does not apply. © 2007 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society , 2007, 92 , 163–172.     

Post-harvest age-induced seed dormancy of Acer ginnala and its alleviation by growth regulator and low temperature treatments

One-month-old fruits of Acer ginnala with winged pericarp attached gave 44% germination and this was not increased by cold treatment at 4°C for 0, 10, 20, or 30 days, gibberellic acid treatment at 0, 1, 10, 100 or 1000 mg litre^-1, or ethephon treatment at 0, 2, 20, 200 or 2000 mg litre^-1. After 6 months of storage at 20–25 °C, germination of untreated fruits fell to 5% but could be restored to that of 1-month-old fruits by incubation at 4 °C for 30 days. After 9 months storage, no germination occurred in untreated fruits. Cold treatment (30 days at 4 °C partially restored germination (26%). Treatment with either gibberellic acid (1000 mg litre^-1) and 30 days at 4 °C (40%) or ethephon (100 mg litre^-] and 30 days at 4 °C improved germination (69%). The combination of all three treatments, i.e. 100 mg litre^-1 gibberellic acid, 100 mg litre^-1 ethephon and 30 days at 4 °C, optimised germination (86%). Thus, dormancy of A. ginnala developed during storage but could be reversed by a combination of treatment with low temperature and growth regulators. The highest germination (86%) was achieved after low temperature and growth regulator treatment of stored fruit.     

Coccidian Parasites (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) of Nerodia spp. (Serpentes: Colubridae), with a Description of a New Species of Eimeria

Eimeria conanli n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) is described from intestinal contents and feces of Nerodia erythrogaster transversa and N harteri harteri from northcentral Texas. Oocysts of the new species are ellipsoid in shape. 17.9 × 13.0(15–21 × 12–15) μm, with a smooth, thin, single-layered wall; shape index 1.4 (1.2–1.5). One to several (usually 2) polar granule(s) and an oocyst residuum are present, but a micropyie is absent. Sporocysts are elongate, 12.9 × 5.2 (13–15 × 5–6) -m, apparently without a true Stieda body structure. Each sporoeyst contains an ellipsoid residuum, 3.9 × 3.2 (3–6 × 2–4) μm, and elongate sporozoites, 11.4 × 2.5 (10–14 × 2–3) μm in situ, each with a spherical or subspherical anterior refractile body and spherical to ellipsoid posterior refractile body. In addition to the new species, oocysts of 4 previously described eimerians from colubrid snakes were found in these hosts.     

Taxonomy of wild pigs (Sus) of the Philippines

Native wild pigs of the Philippines are now in grave danger of extinction. Study of available material indicates that three species are present: Sundaland Sus barbatus on Palawan, and two endemic species, Sus philippensis (with three subspecies, one of them here described as new) on Luzon, Mindanao, Basilan, Leyte, Samar, Catanduanes and Mindoro, and Sus cebifroms on Negros, debit and Panay. Specimens from Jolo. Masbale and Bohol presently remain unallocated to species, and may reflect the occurrence of hybridization.     

A MINIATURIZED ENRICHMENT SEROLOGY METHOD FOR RAPID DETECTION of SALMONELLA FROM POULTRY MEAT and REARING FARMS ENVIRONMENT

A miniaturization of the enrichment serology method for the detection of Salmonella was improved in order to make the technique more reliable, cheaper, and faster. the miniaturized method ("Micromethod") was compared to the Sperber and Deibel's method ("Macromethod") and with a classical isolation method; 1062 samples including 700 rearing farms environment samples, 247 poultry meat samples, and 115 nonfat dry milk samples were analyzed. Specificity of both enrichment serology methods was about 92–99.4%. Sensitivity of Micromethod was better than that of the Macromethod for the environmental samples (86.8 and 74.1%, respectively) and the poultry meat samples (87.5 and 77.5%, respectively) but was the same for the nonfat dry milk samples (82.5%). the costs of both methods were respectively 0.43 US $ for the Macromethod and 0.20 US $ for the Micromethod. This "Micromethod" could be proposed for the screening of Salmonella positive batches in the food industries.     

Double-Binds in the Pursuit of Prosperity: Gulf Oil in Bantry Bay

Double-bind theory is applied to the concept of hegemony in this paper in order to analyse the dependency of a small community (Bantry Bay in Ireland) upon a multinational corporation (Gulf Oil). The implications for state policy of this relationship are then considered. The argument is that the dispensation of development as patronage in the form of industrial projects provided to needy communities puts such communities in an invidious predicament. The result is that they become ambivalent advocates of the interests of multinationals in the defence of their own.