家兔中脑导水管周围灰质中甲七肽样免疫活性物质具有镇痛作用并参与电针镇痛

以辐射热照射家兔鼻嘴部皮肤,测定甩头反应潜伏期(ERL)作为痛阈。通过预先埋植的慢性套管向中脑导水管周围灰质(PAG)注射甲七肽降解酶抑制剂 Captopril,观察其镇痛作用以及加强电针镇痛的作用能否被特异的甲七肽抗血清所对抗。(1)单侧 PAG 注射 Captopril240 nmol 的镇痛作用可为同一部位注射甲七肽抗血清(1μl)所翻转,注入甲啡肽抗血清则无效。(2)单侧 PAG 注射 Captopril 60 nmol 有加强电针镇痛的作用。该作用可被1μl 甲七肽抗血清所完全取消,将抗血清量减少到0.1μl 则无效。以上结果说明 PAG 内的甲七肽样免疫活性物质在镇痛和电针镇痛中发挥重要作用。     

二十二种木材对家白蚁天然抗性的室内测定

白蚁蛀蚀不同树种的木材有明显的偏爱性,各种木材抵抗白蚁的蛀蚀能力也有很大差异。如在我国南方,用马尾松作房屋中的木构件,短短几年内就可能遭受白蚁蛀损,而某些抗蚁蛀良好的木材,使用年限超过百年的却不乏其例。研究太材对白蚁的天然抗性能为选择造林和绿化树种,合理用材以及寻找植物性抗白蚁物质提供依据。本工作对广东常见的二十二种本地产和外来树种的木材,用南方危害最大的家白蚁Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki作室内生物测定,并讨论了影响木材抗蚁蛀性的各种因素。     

茉莉叶螟的初步研究

茉莉叶螟是福建茉莉的重要害虫之一。在福州一年发生10个重迭世代,完成一代需时18—167天。以幼虫在树丛叶片间越冬,3月底或4月初出现成虫。雌蛾产卵块在叶片上或粘结一团悬掛于虫丝上,最多产卵201粒,卵期2.5—10天。幼虫吐丝缀枝叶,躲匿其中食害叶片、花蕾和小枝,引起树枝枯死不能萌芽开花。幼虫期9—140天。幼虫在树丛间化蛹,悬挂于被害枝叶的虫丝上,蛹期4一23天。天敌以大腿小峰(Brachymeria obscurate Walker.)、姬蜂(Xanthopimpla punctata Fabricius)、寄生蝇(Nemorillamaculosa Meig.)及一种细菌的寄生率较高。 本文还作了茉莉叶螟的形态描述,并提出防治意见。     

凝集素抑制林蛙卵裂沟新膜外露的作用

剥去受精膜的林蛙卵分裂时,分裂沟中的新膜会暴露出来。林蛙老膜上有大量均匀分布的麦胚和大豆凝集素受体。卵裂前,将剥去受精膜的蛙卵浸于上述的凝集素溶液中,新膜的外露就被抑制。凝集素愈浓,浸泡时间愈长,抑制愈大。在这些卵的表面可看到一层较厚的由凝集素引起的外被。碱处理过的受精卵表面,凝集素受体减少,凝集素抑制新膜外露的作用亦减弱,由凝集素引起的外被亦薄。凝集素是多价的,会在细胞表面产生交链,形成“外骨骼”,抑制新膜外露。凝集素也可通过受体,影响微丝,产生作用。     

Isolation and characterization of polymorphic microsatellite loci in Hemibarbus labeo (Cyprinidae) using PCR‐based isolation of microsatellite arrays (PIMA)

A total of 10 polymorphic microsatellite loci from Hemibarbus labeo were isolated and characterized using an optimized protocol to construct a microsatellite‐enriched genomic library. The analysis of variability was performed in 24 specimens of mainland China. The mean number of alleles across loci was 3.10 ± 1.10 and the level of expected heterozygosity varied from 0.0417 to 0.7482. Frequencies of null alleles of the 10 loci are not significantly greater than zero. No linkage disequilibrium was detected between loci in either population. Five primer pairs cross‐amplify the microsatellites in other species, indicating transportability of the markers within the family Cyprinidae.     

甘蔗螟虫卵赤眼蜂繁殖利用的研究

甘蔗是我国最重要的糖料作物,甘蔗害虫以甘蔗螟虫最普遍,分怖亦最廣。廣东珠江三角洲常见的甘蔗螟虫共有四种:条螟或称斑点螟(Diatraea venosata Wk.)、二点螟(Chilo infuscatellus Snellen)、黄螟(Eucosma schistaceana Snellen)和大螟(Sesamiainferens Wk.)。甘蔗螟虫为害的结果,形成枯心苗和蛀(?),影响甘蔗生长发育,减低蔗糖成份,易受风折,而且造成甘蔗赤腐病菌入侵条件。 甘蔗螟虫的为害虽重,但目前还没有一套完整的防治方法,也还没有一种很有效的方法。本试验目的,是利用赤眼蜂来防治甘蔗螟虫。试验内容是赤眼蜂的寄主的选择和繁殖、赤眼蜂的繁殖及保存、赤眼蜂田间放播初步试验和甘蔗螟虫田间发生情况的调查。现将各项试验结果简要地分述如下: 赤眼蜂能否利用成功,要看培育出来的赤眼蜂是否具有高度的生活力。赤眼蜂的生活力可用下列四个标准去量度:(1)蜂体大小,(2)繁殖能力,(3)成虫寿命,(4)对田间环境的適应性。此外,繁殖出来的赤眼蜂雌性此率不应此自然界的减低。 赤眼蜂的生活力,首先和寄主有很大关系。如果寄主卵的内含物的质和量都適合 於赤眼蜂幼虫营养之需,羽化出来的成虫体积大,繁殖力强,寿命也有延长的趣势。关於赤眼蜂的寄主,我们管用过17种鳞翅目昆虫的卵供其寄生,结果以松毛虫(Dendro     

Bumble bee species exhibit divergent responses to urbanisation in a Southern California landscape

1. Bees are ecologically important pollinators that are threatened by disease, habitat degradation, and habitat loss. Bee species that share ecological traits (e.g. body size, diet breadth, and sociality) may often respond similarly to environmental disturbance; however, few studies have examined the extent to which closely related, ecologically similar species exhibit divergent responses to the same forms of disturbance. 2. In the present study, the responses of bumble bees (Apidae: genus Bombus) to urbanization are examined by combining field surveys with the quantification of local‐ and landscape‐level variables using Geographic Information Systems (GIS). During the spring and summer of 2012 and 2013, 57, bumble bees were surveyed in 1‐ha plots in San Diego County, California that spanned a gradient of urbanisation. Species‐level, occurrence (presence/absence) data and logistic regressions were then used to identify determinants of Bombus occurrence across this landscape. 3. Approximately 1000 Bombus individuals belonging to three species were observed: B. californicus Smith, B. melanopygus Cresson, and B. vosnesenskii Radoszkowski. The occurrence of all Bombus species was negatively related to impermeable surface cover within study plots, but species responded uniquely to other plot‐scale variables and exhibited distinctive patterns of scale‐dependency with respect to impermeable surface cover surrounding plots. 4. Urbanisation negatively affected all three focal bumble bee species in this study. Species‐specific responses to plot‐scale and landscape‐scale variables presumably reflect interspecific trait differences (e.g. body size, tongue length, and foraging behaviour). Unique responses to urbanisation caution against pooling species into functional groups based merely on taxonomic relationships or perceived ecological similarities.     

Systematics and phylogeography of the Taiwanese endemic minnow Candidia barbatus (Pisces: Cyprinidae) based on DNA sequence,allozymic, and morphological analyses

The phylogeographical patterns of the endemic minnow, Candidia barbatus, were examined using mitochondrial (mt) cytochrome b sequences, allozyme electrophoresis, and morphology. The 23 mtDNA haplotypes recovered were grouped into six lineages (A–F). According to a molecular clock of 1.7% per million years, we estimated that the colonization of C. barbatus to Taiwan took place three million years ago with several subsequent vicariance events. In the allozyme analysis, the Bayesian approach partitioned different populations into three clusters, with clusters I, II, and III mainly found in northern, central, and southern Taiwan, respectively. Morphologically, fish from north and south of the Tropic of Cancer had distinct numbers of lateral line scales and were separated into two morphs. The cohabitation of different mtDNA lineages with high allozymic and morphological similarities suggests that interbreeding amongst them is possible. Therefore, in spite of highly differentiated mtDNA, samples from different collecting sites should be considered a single species. Based on the current population distribution and levels of divergence, we propose that both orogenic activities and marine regression during glacial epoch were the two main forces shaping population differentiation of this species. © 2011 The Linnean Society of London, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2011, 161 , 613–632.     

金霉菌的生理与金霉素的生产 I.接种培养基对于金霉菌的代谢及抗生素产量的影响

将金莓菌的芽孢接种到不同的接种培养基中,24小时后再接种到同一的酦酵培养基上,发现金霉素的产量有显著不同。一个好的接种培养基比一个坏的接种培养基所生的菌体在酦酵过程中产生的金霉素可以大出7至8倍。接种培养基的 pH 值对于以后菌体在酦酵培养基中金霉素的生产也有显著的影响。接种培养基并不显著地影响菌体在酦酵培养基上的生长,但已显然变更了它的代谢作用。由不同接种培养基中萌生的菌体,在同一酦酵培养基中醣的利用率不同,氧化的能力不同,有机酸的形成和堆积也不同,它们对于一些金属元素的反应也不一样。这个研究证明了金霉菌的初期的培养环境,对于以后菌体的发育和金霉素的生产有极大的影响。同时亦指出了金霉菌的发育在不同时期需要不同的环境,有着不同的代谢类型。去掌握这个生物规律——环境条件和发育的过程,是正确的研究方向,是提高抗生素产量的必要途径。