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Serial dilutions: Error effects and optimal designs 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
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Phylogenetic relationships within Plantago (Plantaginaceae): evidence from nuclear ribosomal ITS and plastid trnL-F sequence data 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
NINA RØNSTED MARK W. CHASE DIRK C. ALBACH MARIA ANGELICA BELLO 《Botanical journal of the Linnean Society. Linnean Society of London》2002,139(4):323-338
A molecular phylogenetic study of Plantago L. (Plantaginaceae) analysed nucleotide variation in the internal transcribed spacers (ITS) of nuclear ribosomal and plastid trnL-F regions. Included are 57 Plantago species, with two Aragoa species as the ingroup and three Veronica species as the outgroup. Phylogenetic analysis using maximum parsimony identified five major clades, corresponding to the taxonomic groups Plantago subgenera Plantago, Coronopus, Psyllium, Littorella and Bougueria . Aragoa is sister to genus Plantago . Plantago subgenus Littorella is sister to the other subgenera of Plantago . The results are in general correlated with a morphological phylogenetic study and iridoid glucoside patterns, but Plantago subgenus Albicans is paraphyletic and should be included in Plantago subgenus Psyllium sensu lato to obtain a monophyletic clade with six sections. Plantago section Hymenopsyllium is more closely related to section Gnaphaloides than to section Albicans . Plantago subgenus Bougueria is sister to subgenus Psyllium s.l. section Coronopus in Plantago subgenus Coronopus is subdivided in two series. Only some of the sections can be resolved into series. DNA variation within genus Plantago is high, a result that would not have been predicted on the basis of morphology, which is relatively stereotyped. If we calibrate a molecular clock based on the divergence of P. stauntoni , endemic to New Amsterdam in the southern Indian Ocean, we calculate the time of the split between Plantago and Aragoa to be 7.1 million years ago, which is congruent with the fossil record. © 2002 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society , 2002, 139 , 323–338. 相似文献
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KEVIN D. CHASE DAVE KELLY ANDREW M. LIEBHOLD MARTIN K.‐F. BADER ECKEHARD G. BROCKERHOFF 《Ecological Entomology》2017,42(2):173-183
1. Dispersal and host detection are behaviours promoting the spread of invading populations in a landscape matrix. In fragmented landscapes, the spatial arrangement of habitat structure affects the dispersal success of organisms. 2. The aim of the present study was to determine the long distance dispersal capabilities of two non‐native pine bark beetles (Hylurgus ligniperda and Hylastes ater) in a modified and fragmented landscape with non‐native pine trees. The role of pine density in relation to the abundance of dispersing beetles was also investigated. 3. This study took place in the Southern Alps, New Zealand. A network of insect panel traps was installed in remote valleys at known distances from pine resources (plantations or windbreaks). Beetle abundance was compared with spatially weighted estimates of nearby pine plantations and pine windbreaks. 4. Both beetles were found ≥25 km from the nearest host patch, indicating strong dispersal and host detection capabilities. Small pine patches appear to serve as stepping stones, promoting spread through the landscape. Hylurgus ligniperda (F.) abundance had a strong inverse association with pine plantations and windbreaks, whereas H. ater abundance was not correlated with distance to pine plantations but positively correlated with distance to pine windbreaks, probably reflecting differences in biology and niche preferences. Host availability and dispersed beetle abundance are the proposed limiting factors impeding the spread of these beetles. 5. These mechanistic insights into the spread and persistence of H. ater and H. ligniperda in a fragmented landscape provide ecologists and land managers with a better understanding of factors leading to successful invasion events, particularly in relation to the importance of long‐distance dispersal ability and the distribution and size of host patches. 相似文献
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Large, rapidly evolving intergenic spacers in the mitochondrial DNA of the salamander family Ambystomatidae (Amphibia: Caudata) 总被引:5,自引:2,他引:3
We report the presence, in the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of all of the
sexual species of the salamander family Ambystomatidae, of a shared 240- bp
intergenic spacer between tRNAThr and tRNAPro. We place the intergenic
spacer in context by presenting the sequence of 1,746 bp of mtDNA from
Ambystoma tigrinum tigrinum, describe the nucleotide composition of the
intergenic spacer in all of the species of Ambystomatidae, and compare it
to other coding and noncoding regions of Ambystoma and several other
vertebrate mtDNAs. The nucleotide substitution rate of the intergenic
spacer is approximately three times faster than the substitution rate of
the control region, as shown by comparisons among six Ambystoma
macrodactylum sequences and eight members of the Ambystoma tigrinum
complex. We also found additional inserts within the intergenic spacers of
five species that varied from 87-444 bp in length. The presence of the
intergenic spacer in all sexual species of Ambystomatidae suggests that it
arose at least 20 MYA and has been a stable component of the ambystomatid
mtDNA ever since. As such, it represents one of the few examples of a large
and persistent intergenic spacer in the mtDNA of any vertebrate clade.
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