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Characterization and evolution of a single-copy sequence from the human Y chromosome. 总被引:13,自引:1,他引:12
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To study the evolution and organization of DNA from the human Y chromosome, we constructed a recombinant library of human Y DNA by using a somatic cell hybrid in which the only cytologically detectable human chromosome is the Y. One recombinant (4B2) contained a 3.3-kilobase EcoRI single-copy fragment which was localized to the proximal portion of the Y long arm. Sequences homologous to this human DNA are present in male gorilla, chimpanzee, and orangutan DNAs but not in female ape DNAs. Under stringent hybridization conditions, the homologous sequence is either a single-copy or a low-order repeat in humans and in the apes. With relaxed hybridization conditions, this human Y probe detected several homologous DNA fragments which are all derived from the Y in that they occur in male DNAs from humans and the apes but not in female DNAs. In contrast, this probe hybridized to highly repeated sequences in both male and female DNAs from old world monkeys. Thus, sequences homologous to this probe underwent a change in copy number and chromosomal distribution during primate evolution. 相似文献
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We have evaluated codon usage bias in Drosophila histone genes and have
obtained the nucleotide sequence of a 5,161-bp D. hydei histone gene repeat
unit. This repeat contains genes for all five histone proteins (H1, H2a,
H2b, H3, and H4) and differs from the previously reported one by a second
EcoRI site. These D. hydei repeats have been aligned to each other and to
the 5.0-kb (i.e., long) and 4.8-kb (i.e., short) histone repeat types from
D. melanogaster. In each species, base composition at synonymous sites is
similar to the average genomic composition and approaches that in the small
intergenic spacers of the histone gene repeats. Accumulation of synonymous
changes at synonymous sites after the species diverged is quite high. Both
of these features are consistent with the relatively low codon usage bias
observed in these genes when compared with other Drosophila genes. Thus,
the generalization that abundantly expressed genes in Drosophila have high
codon bias and low rates of silent substitution does not hold for the
histone genes.
相似文献
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Selenoprotein P associates with endothelial cells in rat tissues 总被引:11,自引:0,他引:11
R. F. Burk Kristina E. Hill Martha E. Boeglin Ford F. Ebner Harold S. Chittum 《Histochemistry and cell biology》1997,108(1):11-15
Selenoprotein P is an extracellular heparin-binding protein that has been implicated in protecting the liver against oxidant
injury. Its location in liver, kidney, and brain was determined by conventional immunohistochemistry and confocal microscopy
using a polyclonal antiserum. Selenoprotein P is associated with endothelial cells in the liver and is more abundant in central
regions than in portal regions. It is also present in kidney glomeruli associated with capillary endothelial cells. Staining
of selenoprotein P in the brain is also confined to vascular endothelial cells. The heparin-binding properties of selenoprotein
P could be the basis for its binding to tissue. Its localization to the vicinity of endothelial cells is potentially relevant
to its oxidant defense function.
Accepted: 6 March 1997 相似文献
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V B Hatcher G S Lazarus N Levine P G Burk F J Yost 《Biochimica et biophysica acta》1977,483(1):160-171
A proteinase (EC 3.4.-.-) active at physiological pH has been isolated from human skin utilizing gel filtration and affinity chromatography techniques. The proteinase has a molecular weight of approx. 28 000 and it is inhibited by alpha 2-macroglobulin, alpha 1-antitrypsin, C-1 inactivatory, soybean trypsin inhibitor and diisopropyl fluorophosphate. 2njection of 1 ng of purified proteinase into rabbit skin induces polymorphonuclear leukocyte infiltration of the cutis. Inhibition of enzyme activity with diisopropyl fluorophosphate inhibits the chemotactic effect. Addition of 0.2 microgram/ml of purified proteinase to fibroblast cultures kills the cells within minutes. This proteinase may play a significant role in modulating the inflammatory response after cellular injury. 相似文献
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Stable dominance hierarchies may form for a variety of reasons. Assessment of the probable outcome of future encounters is likely to be the best way of economizing energy and risk of injury. Where assessment involves taking into account physical or behavioural characteristics of opponents, an arms race will develop between genuinely high status individuals and cheats possessing high status cues. Successive addition of reference cues may result ending either in a complex series of assessment cues or in cues which are status-limited. No distinction can be drawn between assessment involving so-called individual recognition and that involving “simpler” cues. 相似文献
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The present studies explored the role of adherent cells in tumor immunity. Lymph node cells from mice bearing large tumors appeared to be maximally stimulated in vivo and incapable of further stimulation by cells of the same tumor in vitro. Removal of the adherent cell population resulted in a marked decrease in the spontaneous background activity of the remaining nonadherent cells and allowed these cells to undergo stimulation when cultured in the presence of mitomycin-blocked tumor cells. The role of the adherent cell in the maintenance of a state of continuous stimulation was further elucidated by experiments in which lymph node cell populations were reconstituted from the adherent and nonadherent subpopulations. It was also shown that adherent lymphoid cells from tumor-bearing mice, but not from normal mice, were capable of stimulating tumor-immune lymphocytes in a manner similar to intact mitomycin-blocked tumor cells. 相似文献