Growth, death, and oxygen uptake kinetics of Pichia stipitis on xylose

Pichia stipitis NRRL Y-7124 has potential application in the fermentation of xylose-rich waste streams, produced by wood hydrolysis. Kinetic models of cell growth, death, and oxygen uptake were investigated in batch and oxygen-limited continuous cultures fed a rich synthetic medium. Variables included rates of dilution (D) and oxygen transfer (K(1)a) and concentrations of xylose (X), ethanol (E), and dissolved oxygen (C(ox)). Sustained cell growth required the presence of oxygen. Given excess xylose, specific growth rate (micro) was a Monod function of C(ox). Specific oxygen uptake rate was proportional to mu by a yield coefficient relating biomass production to oxygen consumption; but oxygen uptake for maintenance was negligible. Thus steady-state C(OX) depended only on D, while steady-state biomass concentration was controlled by both D and K(1)a. Given excess oxygen, cells grew subject to Monod limitation by xylose, which became inhibitory above 40 g/L. Ethanol inhibition was consistent with Luong's model, and 64. 3 g/L was the maximum ethanol concentration allowing growth. Actively growing cells died at a rate that was 20% of micro. The dying portion increased with E and X.     

Chromosomal abnormalities in maternal and fetal tissues of magnesium- or zinc-deficient rats.

The effect of dietary deficiency during pregnancy of zinc or magnesium on maternal and fetal chromosomes was studied. Pregnant rats were given a zinc-deficient or a magnesium-deficient diet from the beginning of pregnancy and maternal bone marrow and fetal liver were removed on day 19 of gestation. Chromosome spreads were prepared and metaphases examined for abnormalities. Both magnesium- and zinc-deficient maternal bone-marrow and fetal liver cells showed significantly more chromosomal abnormalities than did those of controls. The chromosomal aberrations occurring in highest incidence in magnesium-deficient animals were terminal deletions and fragments. A higher than normal incidence of "stickiness" was also observed in cells from magnesium-deficient animals. In zinc-deficient animals, on the other hand, the chromosomal aberrations with the highest incidence were gaps and terminal deletions.     

Patterns in the abundance,phenology, and hatching of the resting egg stage of the invasive zooplankter <Emphasis Type="Italic">Bythotrephes longimanus</Emphasis>: implications for establishment

To examine how dormancy contributes to the establishment and persistence of Bythotrephes longimanus, we investigated resting egg production and hatching in relation to the demography of the planktonic stage and environmental conditions in Island Lake Reservoir (USA). During a 3-year study, the largest contribution to the egg bank occurred in autumn and most eggs hatched in spring, but we also detected some resting egg production and hatching in summer. The difference between summer and late autumn densities of eggs in sediments averaged 47% (range 0–98%) for 18 sites throughout the reservoir, which was similar to experimental estimates of in situ hatching fraction of 67% for eggs in the spring and summer following their production. Based on emergence traps, neonates hatch in the field during May and June. We estimated mortality rates of 64% for resting eggs and embryos, and 59% for newly emerged neonates. Although hatching fraction saturated at the same level, eggs incubated offshore hatched later than those nearshore where water temperature was warmer and light was detectable at the sediment surface. Low dissolved oxygen concentration did not significantly reduce hatching fraction but resulted in some eggs that initiated development but failed to hatch. Collectively, our results demonstrate substantial annual turnover in the resting egg bank of B. longimanus and high mortality of resting eggs during recruitment from the egg to the first molt of the planktonic stage. These patterns suggest that propagule pressure in the form of resting eggs requires large numbers for establishment, and that considerable post-establishment resting egg production is necessary for inter-annual persistence.     

Responses to computer-generated visual stimuli by the male praying mantis, Sphodromantis lineola (Burmeister)

We tested male mantis' responses to square, computer-generated visual stimuli of various sizes to determine the stimulus parameters that affect their striking behaviour. Males in a high-hunger group displayed a sharp preference for solid black 12×12-degree squares moving linearly against a white background, especially when the squares moved downward (versus horizontally). Males in a low-hunger group visually tracked but, with rare exception, did not strike at any linearly moving squares. In contrast, when solid black squares moved erratically around visual field centre, males struck regularly at them irrespective of hunger level, even when the squares were as large as 47×47 degrees. Males also recognized black-and-white Julesz-patterned square stimuli moving against a similarly patterned background, indicating that they recognized the synchronous movement of a group of stimulus elements as a single moving object. Finally, we compared allometric and life history data between male and females S. lineola to elucidate the possible reasons for the differences between male response patterns and previously published data on females. These comparisons suggest that males employ a different behavioural strategy than do females when faced with large, erratically moving visual stimuli.     

Range Expansion of Bythotrephes longimanus in North America: Evaluating Habitat Characteristics in the Spread of an Exotic Zooplankter

Sedimentary and water column evidence from 45 boat-accessible and eight backcountry lakes was used to investigate the distribution of Bythotrephes longimanus in northeast Minnesota, USA, and adjacent Ontario, Canada. The results expand the documented range of Bythotrephes in Minnesota from Lake Superior, Island Lake, and Saganaga Lake to Flour Lake, Greenwood Lake, McFarland Lake, Pine Lake, and Caribou Lake as well as to Saganagons Lake in Ontario. The latter three lakes are located in roadless landscapes without motorized boat access. Results confirm that Bythotrephes is no longer present in Boulder Lake or Fish Lake (St. Louis County, Minnesota), providing the first evidence of range compression (extinction following introduction) of this species in North America. Distributional expansion was confined to a corridor along the international border between northeast Minnesota and Ontario. Lakes along the invasion corridor were deeper, more transparent, and had lower chlorophyll concentration, on average, compared to other lakes studied. The pattern of range expansion provided an opportunity to test the predictions of a forecasting model for Bythotrephes occurrence (MacIsaac et al. 2000 Archiv für Hydrobiologie 149: 1–21) based on habitat characteristics. The model predicted 51% of the surveyed inland lakes to be susceptible to invasion, however, only 13% were actually invaded, implying strong dispersal constraints. Application of the forecasting model to a broader set of 179 Minnesota lakes predicted that 41% may be vulnerable to establishment by Bythotrephes based on habitat characteristics, offering an estimate of the state’s overall lake susceptibility (i.e., fundamental niche) to invasion. The results of this study provide evidence for the importance of a low-light refuge where Bythotrephes can minimize vulnerability to fish predation as a key habitat feature not considered by the forecasting model.     

Contrasting life histories of the predatory cladocerans Leptodora kindtii and Bythotrephes longimanus

The predatory cladocerans, Leptodora kindtii (Focke, 1844) andBythotrephes longimanus (Leydig, 1860), express markedly differentlife-history traits. Leptodora produce small-bodied neonatesthat mature at small sizes but continue to grow throughout life.Bythotrephes produce larger neonates in both relative and absoluteterms that grow rapidly to a large size at maturity whereuponthey curtail somatic growth and divert resources mainly to reproduction.Despite their remarkable differences, the sets of life-historytraits of both species appear to be solutions to the same basicselection pressures imposed by visually discriminating gape-limitedfishes and foraging constraints imposed by prey size. Leptodorastresses pre-contact (transparency) while Bythotrephes stressespostcontact (caudal spine) modes of morphological defense againstfishes. Mounting these disparate modes of defense has consequencesfor selection on timing and allocation to body growth that mayunderlie competitive imbalance between the species. Owing tothe production of large-bodied neonates that grow rapidly, Bythotrephesquickly attain body sizes that both admit them to a broaderprey base in size and taxonomic variety, and allow shorter preyhandling times, in comparison to Leptodora. This provides Bythotrepheswith a wider and more exploitable prey base from an earlierage and may explain why Leptodora has declined in density followingBythotrephes invasion into some North American lakes. The divergentsets of life-history traits expressed by Leptodora and Bythotrephesparallel two dominant life-history strategies evolved by phytoplanktivorousspecies of the order Cladocera.     

Generational and dual-species exposures to invertebrate predators influence relative head size in Daphnia mendotae

Laboratory cyclomorphosis experiments with crustacean zooplanktonoften fail to produce morphological trait expression as extremeas that observed in field populations. A seven-generation laboratoryexperiment found that the maximum expression of relative headarea in a round-helmet morph of Daphnia mendotae was delayeduntil the third generation of non-lethal, chemical exposureto Leptodora kindtii. By the third generation and after, relativehead area remained high and comparable in degree to field specimens.The induction pattern from parents to offspring was statisticallypositive into the fourth generation. Published studies on kairomoneinduction of morphological trait expression extending only onegeneration may fail to measure transgenerational effects, whichcould account for mismatch between laboratory and field results.In a second laboratory experiment with a pointed-helmet morphof D. mendotae exposed to L. kindtii and Chaoborus punctipennis,we show that induction levels are not the same for all predatorsor combinations of predators. The maximum relative head areafor pointed morph individuals exposed to both predator cueswas still not as extreme in the laboratory as in the field.This is the first demonstration that delayed generational effectsof kairomone induction of helmet expression in the Cladoceracan reconcile laboratory experiments with the field observationsof cyclomorphosis.     

DIFFERENTIAL LOCALIZATION OF CELL SURFACE AND SECRETORY COMPONENTS IN RAT INTESTINAL EPITHELIUM BY USE OF LECTINS

Sections through various levels of small intestine from adult male rats were examined by fluorescence microscopy after treatment with fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled lectins from Dolichos biflorus, Lotus tetragonolobus, Ricinus communis, and Triticum vulgare (wheat germ). The latter three lectins reacted with the microvillar portion of the epithelial cells lining the crypts and villi in sections of intestine adjacent to the pylorus. This pattern of reactivity was sharply altered along the first 15 cm of intestine so that in sections distal to this point the luminal surfaces of only those epithelial cells in the crypts and at the base of the villi reacted with the L. tetragonolobus and R. communis lectins, whereas the wheat germ lectin reacted with the surfaces of the cells lining the villi. In sections from the distal end of the small intestine, all three lectins reacted with the surfaces of cells only at the base of the villi and in the crypts. These results show a difference in surface components in cells at various portions on the villi and the dependence of these differences on the region of intestine. The D. biflorus lectin reacted with approximately 25% of the goblet cells at each level of intestine studied whereas the reactivities of the goblet cells with the other three lectins were dependent upon the region of intestine.     

Planktivory by bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus) on Leptodora kindti in a small North American lake

Leptodora kindti (Crustacea: Cladocera) is a large species of zooplankton (2–18 mm length) that is exceptionally transparent. This transparency is believed to be a means by which it successfully coexists in lakes with planktivorous fishes. We investigated the gut remains of bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus) that had been feeding on L. kindti and Daphnia (D. galeata and D. retrocurva) in the wild (Lake Zurich, Illinois) and found that bluegill readily preyed on L. kindti as small as 3–5 mm length, and strongly selected L. kindti over Daphnia galeata and Daphnia retrocurva. The large compound eye of L. kindti is one half to one complete order of magnitude larger than Daphnia's eye, consistent with the hypothesis that eye area is an important visual cue for fishes. Moreover, the slope of the relationship between eye area and body length is an order of magnitude shallower in L. kindti than Daphnia, suggesting that eye area has been under stronger negative selection in L. kindti. Results suggest that L. kindti's large and dark eye compromises the transparent nature of its body.