Establishment and application of the yeast two-hybrid (Y2H)-based plant interactome for investigation of gene functions

A large amount of genomic information is currently being generated in the biological sciences; however, the postgenome era needs biological connectors to bridge between genome data and gene functions. Interactomes are proteinprotein interaction maps used to study gene function through the demonstration of predicted functions based on known roles of interaction partners to understand biological processes as a systemic approach. Diverse experimental approaches for interactomes have been developed, each of which has its own merits and pitfalls. In this review, the status and application of the yeast two-hybrid (Y2H)-based plant interactome is introduced to investigate gene functions as a biological network.     

Morphine Dependence is Attenuated by Treatment of 3,4,5-Trimethoxy Cinnamic Acid in Mice and Rats

The effect of 3, 4, 5-trimethoxy cinnamic acid (TMCA) against morphine-induced dependence in mice and rats was investigated. Mice were pretreated with TMCA and then morphine was injected intraperitoneally; whereas rats were treated with TMCA (i.p.) and infused with morphine into the lateral ventricle of brain. Naloxone-induced morphine withdrawal syndrome and conditioned place preference test were performed. Moreover, western blotting and immunohistochemistry were used to measure protein expressions. Number of naloxone-precipitated jumps and conditioned place preference score in mice were attenuated by TMCA. Likewise, TMCA attenuated morphine dependent behavioral patterns such as diarrhea, grooming, penis licking, rearing, teeth chattering, and vocalization in rats. Moreover, the expression levels of pNR1and pERK in the frontal cortex of mice and cultured cortical neurons were diminished by TMCA. In the striatum, pERK expression was attenuated despite unaltered expression of pNR1 and NR1. Interestingly, morphine-induced elevations of FosB/ΔFosB⁺ cells were suppressed by TMCA (50, 100 mg/kg) in the nucleus accumbens sub-shell region of mice. In conclusion, TMCA could be considered as potential therapeutic agent against morphine-induced dependence.