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1.
Context-specific calls, which have a distinct acoustic structure and are selectively produced in specific contexts, are a prerequisite for calls that function referentially. Functionally referential calls, which convey information to conspecifics about objects and events in the external world, have been found in a number of species, notably primates. Evidence of context-specific calls in apes, however, is largely absent. We analysed whether the barks of wild male chimpanzees in the Ta? Forest, Côte d'Ivoire, are context specific. We examined the acoustic structure of barks, and other calls produced in association with barks, in six contexts, using discriminant function analysis. Chimpanzees produced context-specific signals in two ways. First, they produced two acoustically graded bark subtypes, in hunt and snake contexts, respectively. Second, they produced context-specific signal combinations of barks with acoustically different call types or drums. These signal combinations increased specificity levels in three of the six contexts to over 90%, a level similar to the classic vervet monkey, Cercophithecus aethiops, predator alarm calls. Furthermore, specific chimpanzee signals were produced in contexts other than alarm, such as travel and hunting, where the potential benefits of evolving specific calls are less obvious. These signals may convey specific context information to listeners, and thus function referentially; however, to confirm this, analyses of listeners' responses are required. The results show that two strategies for producing context-specific signals seem to have evolved in a species other than humans: chimpanzees produce context-specific bark subtypes and context-specific signal combinations. Copyright 2003 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd on behalf of The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour. 相似文献
2.
Hunting behavior of wild chimpanzees in the Taï National Park 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
Hunting is often considered one of the major behaviors that shaped early hominids' evolution, along with the shift toward a drier and more open habitat. We suggest that a precise comparison of the hunting behavior of a species closely related to man might help us understand which aspects of hunting could be affected by environmental conditions. The hunting behavior of wild chimpanzees is discussed, and new observations on a population living in the tropical rain forest of the Taï National Park, Ivory Coast, are presented. Some of the forest chimpanzees' hunting performances are similar to those of savanna-woodlands populations; others are different. Forest chimpanzees have a more specialized prey image, intentionally search for more adult prey, and hunt in larger groups and with a more elaborate cooperative level than savanna-woodlands chimpanzees. In addition, forest chimpanzees tend to share meat more actively and more frequently. These findings are related to some theories on aspects of hunting behavior in early hominids and discussed in order to understand some factors influencing the hunting behavior of wild chimpanzees. Finally, the hunting behavior of primates is compared with that of social carnivores. 相似文献
3.
Many models of human evolution propose that key behavioral innovations were involved in the divergence of the human line from the ape line. An ecological reason, the shift from dense forests to a more open habitat, is suggested as the basis for these innovations. Primate models can be useful to our understanding of how environmental factors can affect such key behaviors. New results on forest chimpanzees demonstrate that for most patterns of behavior considered to favor a savanna model, the environmental influences are in opposition to the expectations. A new evaluation of the environmental influences on human evolution is required. We propose that either patterns of key human behaviors were inaccurately distinguished or that the hominization process started while the common ancestor of the chimpanzee and man was alive. 相似文献
4.
Stoichiometric interpretation of Escherichia coli glucose catabolism under various oxygenation rates. 总被引:5,自引:1,他引:4
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Metabolic by-product secretion is commonly observed in oxygen-limited cultures. Oxygen limitations occur because of limits in the capacity of the respiratory system or because of the oxygenation limits of the cultivation method used. The latter restriction is of considerable practical importance since it results in a critical cell concentration above which oxygenation is insufficient, leading to by-product secretion. In this study we used a flux balance approach to determine optimal metabolic performance of Escherichia coli under variable oxygen limitations. This method uses linear optimization to find optimal metabolic flux patterns with respect to cell growth. Cell growth was defined as precursor requirements on the basis of a composition analysis. A growth-associated maintenance requirement of 23 mmol of ATP per g of biomass and a non-growth-associated maintenance value of 5.87 mmol at ATP per g (dry weight)-h were incorporated on the basis of a comparison with experimental data. From computations of optimal growth increased oxygen limitations were found to result in the secretion of acetate, formate, and ethanol in that order. Consistent with the experimental data in the literature, by-product secretion rates increased linearly with the growth rate. The computed optimal growth under increasing oxygen limitation revealed four critical growth rates at which changes in the by-product secretion pattern were observed. Concomitant with by-product secretion under oxygen limitations were changes in metabolic pathway utilization. The shifts in metabolism were characterized by changes in the metabolic values (computed as shadow prices) of the various redox carriers. The redox potential was thus identified as a likely trigger that leads to metabolic shifts.2+ ă 相似文献
5.
Innovation in wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
Christophe Boesch 《International journal of primatology》1995,16(2):1-16
Innovations of behavior have major implications for the concept of culture in animals. Innovation has rarefy been documented
in wild animal populations. The chimpanzees of the Ta? National Park, C?te d’Ivoire, spontaneously included new patterns of
behavior in their repertoire during our study. Some innovations were incorporated into a minority of the group members’ repertoire,
whereas others, such as building day nests in trees and on the ground more frequently, became general behaviors. Similarly,
new contexts for use of leaf- clipping behavior and novel ways of feeding on some leaves appeared and rapidly became part
of the behavior of most group members. The environmental parameters were too stable to explain these new forms of behavior,
as most of them took place within 1 month during the same dry season. In a similar way, leaf- grooming acquired a new function
in Gombe chimpanzees. A process similar to social conventions could explain the emergence of these new functions for an existing
behavior in a way rather similar to human “fashion. ” Three major characteristics of human culture — the absence of individual
variations in the performance of the behavior, the general use of the behavior by group members, and the ability to modify
the function of a behavior — characterize leaf-clipping in Ta? chimpanzees and leaf- grooming in Gombe chimpanzees. 相似文献
6.
Stable nitrogen isotope analysis of dentine serial sections elucidate sex differences in weaning patterns of wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)
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Geraldine E. Fahy Michael P. Richards Benjamin T. Fuller Tobias Deschner Jean‐Jacques Hublin Christophe Boesch 《American journal of physical anthropology》2014,153(4):635-642
Offspring provisioning is one of the most energetically demanding aspects of reproduction for female mammals. Variation in lactation length and weaning strategies between chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), our closest living relative, and modern human societies have been reported. When and why these changes occurred is frequently debated. Our study used stable nitrogen isotope data of tooth root dentine from wild Western chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) in Taï National Park, Côte d'Ivoire, to quantify weaning in these chimpanzees and explore if infant sex plays a role in maternal investment. We analyzed serial sections of deciduous lateral incisor root dentine from four Taï chimpanzees to establish the δ15N signal of nursing infants; we then analyzed serial sections of first permanent mandibular molar root dentine from 12 Taï chimpanzees to provide quantitative δ15N data on weaning in this population. Up to 2 years of age both sexes exhibited dentine δ15N values ≈2–3‰ higher than adult female Taï chimpanzees, consistent with a nursing signal. Thereafter a steady decrease in δ15N values consistent with the onset, and progression, of weaning, was visible. Sex differences were also evident, where male δ15N values decreased at a significantly slower rate compared to females. Confirmation of sex differences in maternal investment among Taï chimpanzees, demonstrates the viability of using isotope analysis to investigate weaning in non‐human primates. Additionally, assuming that behaviors observed in the Taï chimpanzees are illustrative of the ancestral pattern, our results provide a platform to enable the trajectory of weaning in human evolution to be further explored. Am J Phys Anthropol 153:635–642, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 相似文献
7.
Investigating sexual dimorphism is important for our understanding of its influence on reproductive strategies including male-male competition, mate choice, and sexual conflict. Measuring physical traits in wild animals can be logistically challenging and disruptive for the animals. Therefore body size and ornament variation in wild primates have rarely been quantified. Gorillas are amongst the most sexually dimorphic and dichromatic primates. Adult males (silverbacks) possess a prominent sagittal crest, a pad of fibrous and fatty tissue on top of the head, have red crest coloration, their saddle appears silver, and they possess a silverline along their stomach. Here we measure levels of sexual dimorphism and within-male variation of body length, head size, and sexual dichromatism in a population of wild western gorillas using photogrammetry. Digital photogrammetry is a useful and precise method to measure sexual dimorphism in physical traits yielding sexual dimorphism indices (ISD), similar to those derived from traditional measurements of skeletal remains. Silverbacks were on an average 1.23 times longer in body length than adult females. Sexual dimorphism of head size was highest in measures of crest size (max ISD: 60.4) compared with measures of facial height (max ISD: 24.7). The most sexually dimorphic head size measures also showed the highest within-sex variation. We found no clear sex differences in crest coloration but there was large sexual dichromatism with high within-male variation in saddle coloration and silverline size. Further studies should examine if these sexually dimorphic traits are honest signals of competitive ability and confer an advantage in reproductive success. 相似文献
8.
Martin Sievers Christoph Gaberthüel Cornelia Boesch Wolfgang Ludwig Michael Teuber 《FEMS microbiology letters》1995,126(2):123-126
Abstract The 16S rRNA sequences from the Gluconobacter species G. asaii G. cerinus and G. frateurii were determined and compared with homologous sequences from published databases and sequences of G. oxydans and Acetobacter species previously described [Sievers M., Ludwig W. and Teuber M. (1994) System. Appl. Microbiol. 17, 189–196]. The Gluconobacter species have unique 16S rRNA sequences and exhibit sequence similarity values of 97.4 to 99.1%, corresponding to 36 to 14 base differences. The phylogenetic tree inferring methods (distance matrix, maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood) show that the species of Gluconobacter form a coherent, closely related cluster. Based on the distance matrix method including Rhodopila globiformis as an outgroup reference organism, Gluconobacter is well separated from Acetobacter . 相似文献
9.
10.
V. Lecoultre L. Egli G. Carrel F. Theytaz R. Kreis P. Schneiter A. Boss K. Zwygart K‐A. Lê M. Bortolotti C. Boesch L. Tappy 《Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.)》2013,21(4):782-785