Concentrations of glandular kallikrein in human nasal secretions increase during experimentally induced allergic rhinitis

We have previously demonstrated that a mixture of bradykinin and lysylbradykinin is generated in nasal secretions during the immediate allergic response to allergen. The present studies were performed to determine whether glandular kallikrein plays a role in kinin formation during the allergic reaction. Allergic individuals (n = 7) and nonallergic controls (n = 7) were challenged intranasally with appropriate allergen, and nasal lavages obtained before and after challenge were assayed for immunoreactive glandular kallikrein as well as for histamine, kinins, and N-alpha-tosyl-L-arginine methyl esterase (TAME-esterase) activity. The increase in postchallenge immunoreactive glandular kallikrein levels above baseline was significantly greater (p less than 0.01) for the allergic group (16.3 +/- 14 ng/ml; means +/- SD) than for the nonallergic controls (1.0 +/- 1.9 ng/ml). Increased levels of immunoreactive glandular kallikrein correlated with increases in kinins, histamine, and TAME-esterase activity and with the onset of clinical symptoms. Characterization of immunoreactive glandular kallikrein purified from postchallenge lavages by immunoaffinity chromatography confirmed the identity of this material as an authentic glandular kallikrein on the basis of its inhibition by protease inhibitors and by monospecific antibody to tissue kallikrein, its chromatographic behavior on gel filtration, and its ability to generate lysylbradykinin from highly purified human low m.w. kininogen. The specific activity of this purified material, in terms of kinin generation from kininogen, was very similar to that for authentic glandular kallikrein, suggesting that most if not all of the immunoreactive material purified from nasal lavages represented active enzyme. Inhibition studies by using pooled postchallenge lavages suggest that the majority of the kinin generating activity in these samples was due to glandular kallikrein. We conclude, therefore, that glandular kallikrein is secreted during the allergic response and can contribute to the formation of the lysylbradykinin produced during the allergic reaction.     

Toll-like receptor 4 deficiency: Smaller infarcts,but nogain in function

Backgound  

It has been reported that Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) deficiency reduces infarct size after myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (MI/R). However, measurement of MI/R injury was limited and did not include cardiac function. In a chronic closed-chest model we assessed whether cardiac function is preserved in TLR4-deficient mice (C3H/HeJ) following MI/R, and whether myocardial and systemic cytokine expression differed compared to wild type (WT).     

Bacterial communities degrading amino- and hydroxynaphthalene-2-sulfonates.

A 6-aminonaphthalene-2-sulfonic acid (6A2NS)-degrading mixed bacterial community was isolated from a sample of river Elbe water. The complete degradation of this xenobiotic compound may be described by a mutualistic interaction of two Pseudomonas strains isolated from this culture. One strain, BN6, could also grow on 6A2NS in monoculture, however, with accumulation of black polymers. This organism effected the initial conversion of 6A2NS into 5-aminosalicylate (5AS) through regioselective attack of the naphthalene skeleton in the 1,2-position. 5AS was totally degraded by another member of the community, strain BN9. After prolonged adaptation of strain BN6 to growth on 6A2NS, this organism readily converted all naphthalene-2-sulfonates with OH- or NH2-substituents in the 5-, 6-, 7-, or 8-position. The corresponding hydroxy- or aminosalicylates were excreted in stoichiometric amounts, with the exception that the metabolite from 5A2NS oxidation was not identical with 6AS.     

Reversible inhibition of intercellular junctional communication by glycyrrhetinic acid

Intercellular gap-junctional communication was measured using metabolic co-operation in co-cultures of argininosuccinate synthetase-deficient and argininosuccinate lyase-deficient human fibroblasts. 18-alpha-glycyrrhetinic acid (AGA) was found to inhibit communication by more than 95% at concentrations as low as 2 microM. Concentrations up to 100 microM were not cytotoxic over a period of 2 hours. Communication inhibition was of rapid onset and was readily reversible. Communication remained continuously yet reversibly blocked in cells cultured in the presence of AGA for 20 days. The related compounds 18-beta-glycyrrhetinic acid and carbenoxolone also caused communication inhibition. The effect is probably not mediated via mineralocorticoid or glucocorticoid receptors since aldosterone and glucocorticoids had no effect on communication. AGA thus has properties of a useful inhibitor in the study of intercellular junctional communication.     

Cyclic adenosine 3'5' monophosphate stimulates prostaglandin E production by human adherent synovial cells

Production of prostaglandin E (PGE) by rheumatoid synovium appears important to regulation of the pathologic process in rheumatoid arthritis. Cells derived from human synovium by proteolytic digestion produce large amounts of PGE which in turn can elevate synovial cell cAMP levels and inhibit cell proliferation. Data presented here indicate that cAMP can further increase production of PGE from adherent synovial cells (ASC). PGE production occurs over 12-72 hr and is not due to the ability of cAMP to inhibit cell proliferation. Exposure of cells to cAMP results in increased release of 3H arachidonic acid from precursors but not in activation of the cyclooxygenase enzyme. This phenomenon suggests the presence in adherent synovial cells of a mechanism for amplifying PGE production.     

Behavioral responses to linear accelerations in blind goldfish

Blind goldfish were subjected to linear accelerations on a motor car and on a parallel swing. Moyements of the fish in a tank during the accelerations were recorded with a movie camera. During the horizontal acceleration, the fish aligns his longitudinal axis in a plane perpendicular to the direction of an apparent gravity with the fish's back pointing away from the direction of this apparent gravity vector. This is similar to the manner in which the fish usually aligns himself horizontally in response to the vertically downward terrestrial gravity and can therefore be termed gravity reference response. It is concluded that blind goldfish cannot distinguish between otolith displacements caused by passive tilts and equivalent otolith displacements caused by moderate inertial forces during rectilinear acceleration. With a horizontal jerk of higher magnitude, two additional responses can occur: horizontal 180° turns following tailward jerks and straight forward darting following noseward jerks.This work was supported by NASA Grant No. NGR 23-005-201.     

Taxonomic studies on some gram-positive coryneform hydrogen bacteria

Recently isolated coryneform hydrogen bacteria were investigated under taxonomical aspects. Strains 7 C, RH 10, and 14 g are characterized by the snapping type of cell division, 68.5 to 69.7% GC content, dl-diaminopimelic acid in the cell wall, content of metachromatic granules, weak utilization of sugars and inhibitory effect of citrate. The strains are placed to the group 1—genus Corynebacterium—of the classification of coryneform bacteria of Yamada and Komagata (1972) and the name Corynebacterium autotrophicum sp.nov. is proposed.Strains 11 X and RH 12 are characterized by the bending type of cell division, a GC content of 70.2 and 70.5%, ll-diaminopimelic acid in the cell wall, absence of metachromatic granules, utilization of several sugars and no changes in cell morphology by citrate. The strains have to be placed to group 6 of coryneform bacteria.     

Die Bedeutung der “feedback”-Hemmung der Threonin-Desaminase für die Synthese von Valin und Leucin

Zusammenfassung In Arthrobacter Stamm 23 führte die durch Mutation verursachte allosterische Unempfindlichkeit der Threonin-Desaminase zur dereprimierten Bildung der Enzyme im Isoleucin-Valin-Leucin-Biosyntheseweg. Derepression erfolgte auch, wenn Wildtypzellen in Gegenwart von -Ketobuttersäure inkubiert wurden. In beiden Fällen wurde Isoleucin überproduziert und ins Kulturmedium ausgeschieden. Wie aus Wachstumsexperimenten hervorging, verursachte der Überschuß an -Ketobuttersäure im Medium primär einen Valin- und Leucin-Mangel, der zu einer vorübergehenden Wachstumshemmung führte. Durch die dereprimierte Bildung der Enzyme im Isoleucin-Valin-Biosyntheseweg konnte die Wachstumshemmung überwunden werden.Der vorübergehende Hemmeffekt der -Ketobuttersäure ließ sich auf eine Konkurrenz der Substrate am ersten gemeinsamen Enzym im Isoleucin-Valin-Biosyntheseweg, der Acetohydroxysäure-Synthase, zurückführen. Wegen des niedrigen K _m-Wertes für -Ketobuttersäure wird dieses Substrat vom Enzym bevorzugt umgesetzt. Durch gaschromatographische Bestimmungen der Acetoin- und Acetyläthylcarbinol-Bildung in Enzymtests mit variierten Substrat-Konzentrationen konnte nachgewiesen werden, daß relativ geringe Konzentrationen an -Ketobuttersäure genügen, um die -Acetolacetat-Bildung vollständig zu unterdrücken. Diese Ergebnisse erklären die durch -Ketobuttersäure verursachte vorübergehende Wachstumshemmung bei Bakterien.

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The effect of the feedback inhibition of threonine deaminase on valine-leucine biosynthesis

In Arthrobacter strain 23 the allosteric insensitivity of threonin deaminase caused by mutation resulted in derepressed formation of the enzymes of the isoleucine-valine-leucine pathway. Derepression was also observed, when wild type cells were incubated in the presence of -oxobutyrate. In both cases isoleucine was overproduced and excreted. As growth experiments indicated the excess of -oxobutyrate in the medium caused endogenous valine and leucine deficiency and a transient inhibition of growth. Derepressed formation of the isoleucinevaline biosynthetic enzymes resulted in relief of growth inhibition.The transient inhibitory effect of -oxobutyrate has been traced back to substrate competition at the first enzyme common to the isoleucine and valine pathway, acetohydroxy acid synthase. Due to the low K _m of the enzyme for -oxobutyrate this substrate is preferentially converted. As proven by gaschromatographical measurements of acetoin and acetylethyl carbinol produced in enzyme (acetohydroxy acid synthase) assays with varied substrate concentrations, relatively low concentrations of -oxobutyrate are able to suppress the formation of -acetolactate completely. These results explain the transient inhibitory effect of -oxobutyrate on the growth of bacteria.

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Abkürzungen -KBS -Ketobuttersäure - FAD Flavin-adenin-dinucleotid - AHS Acetohydroxysäure - IPM Isopropylmalat - TPP Thiaminpyrophosphat     

Über die elektronenmikroskopische Identifizierung von noradrenergen Nervenfasern durch 5-Hydroxydopamin und 5-Hydroxydopa im Pinealorgan der Eidechse (Lacerta muralis)

Zusammenfassung Durch Verwendung von 5-Hydroxydopamin und 5-Hydroxydopa, die endogenes Noradrenalin in den Speichergranula sympathischer Nerven ersetzen, gelang es, noradrenerge Nervenfasern innerhalb des Pinealorgans von Lacerta muralis zu identifizieren. Die Nerven stammen von sympathischen, autonomen Neuronen. Ihre marklosen Fortsätze können an der großen Anzahl von granulierten Vesikeln erkannt werden, deren elektronendichter Inhalt durch die Vorbehandlung eindeutig zugenommen hat. In drei Teilen des Pinealorgans wurden noradrenerge Fasern elektronenmikroskopisch gefunden: 1. Neben den Blutgefäßen im perivaskulären Bindegewebsraum, 2. zwischen den Zellen und deren Fortsätzen innerhalb des Pinealorgans, 3. frei im Lumen des Pinealorgans. In einigen Fällen wurde beobachtet, daß verdickte Endformationen Kontakt mit Teilen von Sinneszellen, besonders deren Außengliedern, aufnehmen. Bisher konnte kein synaptischer Kontakt mit sekretorischen Zellen des Pinealorgans festgestellt werden.

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On the electron microscopic identification of noradrenergic nerves in the pineal organ of the lizard lacerta muralis by 5-hydroxydopamine and 5-hydroxydopa

Summary Using 5-hydroxydopamine and5-hydroxydopa as false sympathetic transmitters the authors identified noradrenergic nerves inside the pineal organ of the lizard. These nerves are part of sympathetic autonomic neurones; their unmyelinated processes are identified by a large number of dense core vesicles the electron dense content of which has increased significantly following pretreatment with the catechol-analogues. There are three parts of the pineal organ where noradrenergic nerves have been found electron microscopically: 1) Close to the blood vessels in the perivascular connective tissue compartment, 2) between cells and their processes inside the epithelium of the pineal organ, 3) free in the lumen of the pineal gland. In some cases club shaped terminations contact parts of sensory cells especially their outer segments. No synaptic contacts to secretory cells have been detected so far.

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Supported by USPHS Research Grant TW 00295-02.

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Mit dankenswerter Unterstützung durch die Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft.