<Emphasis Type="Italic">Anoxybacillus mongoliensis</Emphasis> sp. nov., a novel thermophilic proteinase producing bacterium isolated from alkaline hot spring,Central Mongolia

A Gram reaction positive, spore-forming, facultative anaerobic bacterium belonging to the Phylum Firmicutes, was isolated from alkaline hot (80°C, pH 9.8) spring Tsenher, Central Mongolia. The cells were rod shaped, feebly motile, peritrichously flagellated. Strain T4T was moderately thermophilic with optimum growth at 60°C. Maximum temperature for growth was between 70 and 75°C; minimum temperature for growth was between 35 and 30°C. Alkalitolerant, optimum pH for growth was 8.0; minimum pH for growth was between 5.0 and 5.5 and maximum was between 10.5 and 10.8. The growth was observed at NaCl concentrations of 0–5% (w/v) with the optimum at 0.2–0.5%. No growth was observed at 6% NaCl (w/v). Aerobically, the strain utilized proteinaceous substrates, organic acids and a range of carbohydrates including glucose, ribose, sucrose and xylose as well. Anaerobically, only glucose and sucrose were utilized. Strain T4^T produced thermostable alkaline subtilisin-like serine proteinase. The G + C content was 44.2 mol % (td). On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity strain T4^T was shown to be closely related to the members of the genus Anoxybacillus (family Bacillaceae, class “Bacilli”). DNA-DNA hybridization data revealed that strain T4^T had only 38% relatedness to A. flavithermus and 28% relatedness to A. pushchinoensis. Based on its morphology, physiology, phylogenetic relationship and its low DNA-DNA relatedness values with validly published species of Anoxybacillus, it is proposed that strain T4^T represents a novel species Anoxybacillus mongoliensis sp. nov., with the type strain T4^T (=DSM 19169 =VKM 2407).     

The approximate entropy of the electromyographic signals of tremor correlates with the osmotic fragility of human erythrocytes

Background  

The main problem of tremor is the damage caused to the quality of the life of patients, especially those at more advanced ages. There is not a consensus yet about the origins of this disorder, but it can be examined in the correlations between the biological signs of aging and the tremor characteristics.     

Anoxybacillus mongoliensis sp. nov., a novel thermophilic proteinase producing bacterium isolated from alkaline hot spring, central Mongolia

A Gram reaction positive, spore-forming, facultative anaerobic bacterium belonging to the Phylum Firmicutes, was isolated from alkaline hot (80 degrees C, pH 9.8 spring Tsenher, central Mongolia. The cells were rod shaped, feebly motile, peritrichously flagellated. Strain T4 was moderately thermophilic with optimum growth at 60 degrees C. Maximum temperature for growth was between 70 and 75 degrees C; minimum temperature for growth was between 35 and 30 degrees C. Alkalitolerant, optimum pH for growth was 8.0; minimum pH for growth was between 5.0 and 5.5 and maximum was between 10.5 and 10.8. The growth was observed at NaCl concentrations of 0-5% (w/v) with the optimum at 0.2-0.5%. No growth was observed at 6% NaCl (w/v). Aerobically, the strain utilized proteinaceous substrates, organic acids and a range of carbohydrates including glucose, ribose, sucrose and xylose as well. Anaerobically, only glucose and sucrose were utilized. Strain T4T produced thermostable alkaline subtilisin-like serine proteinase. The G + C content was 44.2 mol. % (td). On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity strain T4(T) was shown to be closely related to the members of the genus Anoxybacillus (family Bacillaceae, class "Bacilli"). DNA-DNA hybridization data revealed that strain T4T had only 38% relatedness to A. flavithermus and 28% relatedness to A. pushchinoensis. Based on its morphology, physiology, phylogenetic relationship and its low DNA-DNA relatedness values with validly published species of Anoxybacillus, it is proposed that strain T4T represents a novel species Anoxybacillus mongoliensis sp. nov., with the type strain T4(T) (=DSM 19169 = VKM 2407).     

The study of two alkaliphilic thermophile bacteria of the <Emphasis Type="Italic">Anoxybacillus</Emphasis> genus as producers of extracellular proteinase

Two strains of alkaliphilic thermophile bacteria of the genus Anoxybacillus from hydrothermal vents of Lake Baikal were detected and characterized. It was demonstrated that proteinases secreted by these bacteria had wide substrate specificity, hydrolyzed proteins and n-nitroanilide substrates, and showed maximal activity at pyroglutamyl-alanine-alanine-leucine n-nitroanilide hydrolysis. We determined maximal activity of the proteinases at alkaline pH values (10.0–10.5), the enzymes were thermostable and were characterized by a wide thermal optimum (55–70°C). The results of inhibitor analysis and substrate specifity examination of extracellular enzymes demonstrated their belonging to the subtilisin-like serine proteinases.     

Heat-shock responsive genes identified and validated in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) liver, head kidney and skeletal muscle using genomic techniques

Background

The Mongolian gerbils are a good model to mimic the Helicobacter pylori -associated pathogenesis of the human stomach. In the current study the gerbil-adapted strain B8 was completely sequenced, annotated and compared to previous genomes, including the 73 supercontigs of the parental strain B128.

Results

The complete genome of H. pylori B8 was manually curated gene by gene, to assign as much function as possible. It consists of a circular chromosome of 1,673,997 bp and of a small plasmid of 6,032 bp carrying nine putative genes. The chromosome contains 1,711 coding sequences, 293 of which are strain-specific, coding mainly for hypothetical proteins, and a large plasticity zone containing a putative type-IV-secretion system and coding sequences with unknown function. The cag -pathogenicity island is rearranged such that the cag A-gene is located 13,730 bp downstream of the inverted gene cluster cag B- cag 1. Directly adjacent to the cag A-gene, there are four hypothetical genes and one variable gene with a different codon usage compared to the rest of the H. pylori B8-genome. This indicates that these coding sequences might be acquired via horizontal gene transfer. The genome comparison of strain B8 to its parental strain B128 delivers 425 unique B8-proteins. Due to the fact that strain B128 was not fully sequenced and only automatically annotated, only 12 of these proteins are definitive singletons that might have been acquired during the gerbil-adaptation process of strain B128.

Conclusion

Our sequence data and its analysis provide new insight into the high genetic diversity of H. pylori -strains. We have shown that the gerbil-adapted strain B8 has the potential to build, possibly by a high rate of mutation and recombination, a dynamic pool of genetic variants (e.g. fragmented genes and repetitive regions) required for the adaptation-processes. We hypothesize that these variants are essential for the colonization and persistence of strain B8 in the gerbil stomach during inflammation.