Witch Hunts, Herbal Healing, and Discourses of Indigenous Ecodevelopment in North India: Theory and Method in the Anthropology of Environmentality

ABSTRACT  In this article, we examine the environmental thought and practice of indigenous peoples living in and around a wildlife sanctuary in North India. Analysis reveals that those religious specialists (such as shamans) who possess knowledge of herbal healing are more committed than other villagers to preventing or mitigating the overharvesting of natural resources. To explain these results, reference is made to a specific juncture of native traditions and modern conditions and in particular to an intersection of local economies with global discourses of "ecodevelopment." Drawing on theories and methods from political ecology and cultural psychology, we present a framework for testing the extent that local actors—in this case, shamanic and herbalist healers—are differently positioned to resist or accommodate state and parastate structures of "environmentality" than are other villagers.     

SOME PROPERTIES OF FOUR STRAINS OF CUCUMBER MOSAIC VIRUS

Different strains of cucumber mosaic virus differ in their host range, symptoms caused, virulence towards different plants, transmissibility by aphids, dilution end-point and thermal inactivation point.
There are seasonal variations in the susceptibility of some host species; French bean is apparently immune during the summer but during the winter produces countable local lesions suitable for quantitative assays.
Different host species differ in the ease with which cucumber mosaic virus is transmitted to and from them; systemic infection in beet rarely occurs unless the virus is introduced into young tissues. Inhibitors of infectivity in sap of sugar beet and Phytolacca sp. make mechanical transmission from these to other hosts difficult; the inhibitors interfere less with the infection of hosts in which they occur than with the infection of tobacco.
Cucumber mosaic virus has a low temperature coefficient of thermal inactivation and much infectivity is destroyed by heating at temperatures below the thermal inactivation point.
Myzus persicae (Sulz.) is a more efficient vector than M. ornatus Laing which is more efficient than Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas); although individual aphids can cause more than one infection, most cease to be infective in feeding periods of from one to five minutes.     

A Persisting Cellulosic Wall of Microspore Mother Cells during Microsporogenesis in Allium tuberosum Rottl. and Cyclamen persicum Mill

Light microscopic studies were carried out on the anthers ofAllium tuberosum Rottl. and Cyclamen persicum Mill. Callosedeposition is initiated within the primary wall round each microsporemother cell during early prophase of meiosis I and is of maximumthickness at the tetrad stage. The original cellulosic wall,contrary to earlier reports for other species, persists aroundthe microspore mother cells until the late tetrad stage in bothspecies. In C. persicum, it dissolves to release the callose-encasedtetrads, and in A. tuberosum, il dissolves simultaneously withcallose at the time of release of microspores. Allium tuberosum Rottl., Cyclamen persicum Mill., microsporogenesis, microspore mother cell