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  总被引:3,自引:1,他引:3  
The results described in the accompanying article support the model inwhich glucosylphosphoryldolichol (Glc-P-Dol) is synthesized on thecytoplasmic face of the ER, and functions as a glucosyl donor for threeGlc-P-Dol:Glc0-2Man9-GlcNAc2-P-P-Dol glucosyltransferases (GlcTases) in thelumenal compartment. In this study, the enzymatic synthesis and structuralcharacterization by NMR and electrospray-ionization tandem massspectrometry of a series of water-soluble beta-Glc-P-Dol analogs containing2-4 isoprene units with either the cis - or trans - stereoconfiguration inthe beta-position are described. The water- soluble analogs were (1) usedto examine the stereospecificity of the Glc-P-Dol:Glc0-2Man9GlcNAc2-P-P-Dolglucosyltransferases (GlcTases) and (2) tested as potential substrates fora membrane protein(s) mediating the transbilayer movement of Glc-P-Dol insealed ER vesicles from rat liver and pig brain. The Glc-P-Dol-mediatedGlcTases in pig brain microsomes utilized [3H]Glc-labeled Glc-P-Dol10,Glc-P-(omega, c )Dol15, Glc-P(omega, t,t )Dol20, and Glc-P-(omega, t,c)Dol20as glucosyl donors with [3H]Glc3Man9GlcNAc2-P-P-Dol the major productlabeled in vitro. A preference was exhibited for C15-20 substratescontaining an internal cis -isoprene unit in the beta-position. Inaddition, the water-soluble analog, Glc-P-Dol10, was shown to enter thelumenal compartment of sealed microsomal vesicles from rat liver and pigbrain via a protein-mediated transport system enriched in the ER. Theproperties of the ER transport system have been characterized. Glc-P-Dol10was not transported into or adsorbed by synthetic PC-liposomes orbovine erythrocytes. The results of these studies indicate that (1) theinternal cis -isoprene units are important for the utilization of Glc-P-Dolas a glucosyl donor and (2) the transport of the water- soluble analog mayprovide an experimental approach to assay the hypothetical \"flippase\"proposed to mediate the transbilayer movement of Glc-P-Dol from thecytoplasmic face of the ER to the lumenal monolayer.  相似文献   
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The gene encoding the circumsporozoite (CS) protein of the rodent malaria parasite Plasmodium berghei was cloned and characterized. A cDNA library made from P. berghei sporozoite RNA was screened with a monoclonal antibody for expression of CS protein epitopes. The resulting cDNA clone was used to isolate the CS protein gene from a lambda library containing parasite blood-stage DNA. The CS protein gene contains a central region encoding two types of tandemly repeated amino acid units, flanked by nonrepeated regions encoding amino- and carboxy-terminal signal and anchorlike sequences, respectively. One of the central repeated amino acid unit types contains the immunodominant epitopes.  相似文献   
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Summary A cross-flow ceramic membrane was coupled to a bioreactor to fulfil the alternate functions of process stream clarifier and primary aerator. At the same air supply rate (delivered as a back-flush), ceramic membranes provided up to 72% greater aeration than a ring-sparger located in the bioreactor. In Biol.ogical treatment of dairy food process waste, the air backflush had the additional benefit of inhibiting membrane fouling, thereby maintaining higher (by about 100%) permeate fluxes.  相似文献   
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Rhodamines were first produced in the late 19th century, when they constituted a new class of synthetic dyes. These compounds since have been used to color many things including cosmetics, inks, textiles, and in some countries, food products. Certain rhodamine dyes also have been used to stain biological specimens and currently are widely used as fluorescent probes for mitochondria in living cells. The early history and current biological applications are sketched briefly and an account of the ambiguities, complications and confusions concerning dye identification and nomenclature are discussed.  相似文献   
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Background  

OMA is a project that aims to identify orthologs within publicly available, complete genomes. With 657 genomes analyzed to date, OMA is one of the largest projects of its kind.  相似文献   
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