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1.
1. Transverse tubules in fibers from rat soleus and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles of the rat were infiltrated with silver dichromate (black reaction of Golgi). This provides a faithful, high-contrast outline of the tubules, which allows distinction between segments involved in junction formation with the sarcoplasmic reticulum and segments that are free. 2. Electron micrographs of semithin transverse sections were used to quantitate T tubule parameters and to measure cross-sectional area and perimeter of individual fibers. Thin sections and data from the literature were used to obtain the contribution of caveolae to external surface area and the frequency of junctional feet along the junctional T tubule membrane. 3. From the above data we calculate the ratio of number of feet to total external surface area for a given fiber segment. The ratio is compared with data in the literature on the total amount of 'charge movement' (in nC/uF of total external surface area). 4. The average feet/surface area ratio is twice as large in EDL than in soleus fibers, while the charge movement is up to five-fold larger. Probably some of the total charge movement is not directly associated with events related to the turning on of the SR permeability to calcium.  相似文献   
2.
HAU3是寄主范围很广的放线菌噬菌体。Southern杂交实验表明,HAU3可以整合到吸水链霉菌应城变种10-22和变铅青链霉菌66的突变体ZX1的染色体中,形成溶原,其溶原菌自发释放HAU3,不受热激和紫外线照射的诱导。通过比较HAU3衍生噬粒pIJ8300的DNA酶切片段在加热前、后电泳带谱的区别,将HAU3的cos位点在pIJ8300的图谱上得到了定位。还利用Southern杂交的方法定位了HAU3与宿主形成溶原时附着位点(attP),并利用脉冲电泳技术定位了在变铅青链霉菌ZX7和吸水链霉菌应城变种10-22中形成溶原的附着位点(attB)。这些信息均有利于以HAU3为基础的载体的发展和优化。  相似文献   
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Quantifying and optimizing the polyphenol content of Phyllanthus maderaspatensis was accomplished using a single-solvent HPTLC system. Analyzing hydroalcoholic extracts for kaempferol, rutin, ellagic acid, quercetin, catechin, and gallic acid, we simultaneously quantified and optimized their concentration. In the experiment, the methanol to water ratio (%), temperature (°C), and time of extraction (min) were all optimized using a Box-Behnken statistical design. Kaempferol, rutin, ellagic acid, quercetin, catechin, and gallic acid were among the dependent variables analyzed. In the HPTLC separation, silica gel 60F254 plates were used, and toluene, ethyl acetate, and formic acid (5:4:1) made up the mobile phase. For kaempferol, rutin, ellagic acid, quercetin, catechin, and gallic acid, densitometric measurements were carried out using the absorbance mode at 254 nm. Hydroalcoholic extract of P. maderaspatensis contains rutin (0.344), catechin (2.62), gallic acid (0.93), ellagic acid (0.172), quercetin (0.0108) and kaempferol (0.06). Further, it may be affected by more than one factor at a time, resulting in a varying degree of reaction. A negative correlation was found between X1 (extraction time (min)) and X2 (temperature), as well as X1 and X3 (solvent ratios). Taking these characteristics into consideration, the method outlined here is a validated HPTLC method for measuring kaempferol, rutin, ellagic acid, quercetin, catechin, and gallic acid.  相似文献   
5.

Background  

Cyclic vomiting syndrome (CVS), which is defined by recurrent stereotypical episodes of nausea and vomiting, is a relatively-common disabling condition that is associated with migraine headache and mitochondrial dysfunction. Co-enzyme Q10 (Co-Q) is a nutritional supplement that has demonstrated efficacy in pediatric and adult migraine. It is increasingly used in CVS despite the complete lack of studies to demonstrate its value in treatment  相似文献   
6.
New antimicrobial compounds are of major importance because of the growing problem of bacterial resistance and antimicrobial peptides have been gaining a lot of interest. Their mechanism of action, however, is often obscure. Here a set of non-peptidic compounds with antimicrobial activity are presented that have been designed based on criteria derived from three-dimensional structures of antimicrobial peptides. Even though only a small set of compounds has been designed, the activity immediately matches that of the original peptides, supporting the proposed criteria for activity, i.e. not the peptidic nature of antimicrobial peptides is responsible for their activity but rather the proper arrangement of the relevant functional groups.  相似文献   
7.
1. Colour polymorphisms are common across animals and are often the result of complex selection regimes. Philaenus spumarius (Linnaeus) (Hemiptera, Aphrophoridae) shows a widely studied dorsal colour polymorphism with several described phenotypes whose variation in their occurrence and frequency, as well as their maintenance across time, have been reported. Several selective influences have been suggested to play a role, but the mechanisms underlying the maintenance of this polymorphism are still poorly understood. 2. To explore the adaptive significance of the colour polymorphism of P. spumarius, an experiment was conducted in captivity under semi‐natural conditions to measure survival, reproductive success, and duration of egg maturation. 3. It was found that there was higher longevity, a higher number of oviposition events, and a higher number of eggs laid by trilineatus phenotype females than by typicus and marginellus, supporting previous reports of an increase in trilineatus frequency during the season. The duration of egg maturation did not differ among phenotypes. 4. The higher longevity and fertility of the trilineatus phenotype may compensate, for example, the higher rate of attack by parasitoids and/or higher solar radiation reflectance in this phenotype, which have already been reported in previous studies, constituting a possible mechanism for the maintenance of this polymorphism.  相似文献   
8.
There has been a renewed interest in upper arm contouring given the recent advances and subsequent patient interest in weight loss. Patients undergoing bariatric surgery are often left with a significant amount of redundant skin and laxity of their upper extremity. Some patients within this group have excess fat in their upper arms with relatively good skin tone, while others have a paucity of excess fat with a significant amount of redundant skin. The optimal treatment for each patient can vary. A clinical algorithm is presented that is designed to select the best method for upper arm contouring based on the aesthetic analysis of the upper arm. Case examples are provided demonstrating results that were obtained by following this algorithm.  相似文献   
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10.
The nitrogen (N) cycle is essentially 'leaky'. The losses of small amounts of nitrate to waters and of ammonia and nitrous oxide to the atmosphere are a part of the global biogeo-chemical N cycle. However, intensive agricultural production, industry and vehicle use have more than doubled the amount of 'reactive' N in the environment, resulting in eutrophication, ecosystem change and health concerns. Research has identified agricultural practices that cause large losses of N and, in some cases, developed solutions. This paper discusses the problems of maintaining productivity while reducing N losses, compares conventional with low input (integrated) and organic farming systems, and discusses wider options. It also looks at the need to integrate studies on N with other environmental impacts, set in the context of the whole farm system, to provide truly sustainable agricultural systems.  相似文献   
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