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1.
Marco Apollonio Marco Festa-Bianchet Franco Mari 《Ethology : formerly Zeitschrift fur Tierpsychologie》1989,83(4):320-325
Removal of 5 of the 8 most successful males in a fallow deer lek between breeding seasons led to an increase in fighting rate of males and a decrease in mating rate of both sexes. The increase in fighting was likely due to disruption of the social hierarchy. The lower mating rate of females was not due to disruption of copulations by territorial males, nor did it appear to result from disturbance from fights. We suggest that difficulties in mate choice related to an unstable male hierarchy resulted in females either increasing their length of stay in the lek, visiting the lek more than once before mating, or leaving the lek without mating. 相似文献
2.
To lek or not to lek: mating strategies of male fallow deer 总被引:5,自引:1,他引:4
Apollonio Marco; Festa-Bianchet Marco; Mari Franco; Mattioli Stefano; Sarno Benedetta 《Behavioral ecology》1992,3(1):25-31
We studied the mating system of fallow deer (Dama dama) for6 years in central Italy. Males in this population could defendterritories that were either single, clumped in leks, or satelliteto leks. The most highly successful males in our study werein leks. When we considered all males, there were no significantdifferences in average copulatory success according to territorytype because many lek males did not achieve any copulations,which were seen in only a few lek territories. The variancein copulatory success, however, was much greater for leks thanelsewhere. Single territories were occupied for shorter timesduring the rut than lek territories. Fighting among males wasmore frequent in the lek, even when we excluded highly successfullek males from the analysis. Chases of nonterritorial malesand harem size were correlated with the number of copulationsachieved by individual males, but did not vary according toterritory type. Copulatory success of some individuals increasedwith age, but there were no age differences among males holdingdifferent types of territories. Satellite males switched tolek territoriality in the course of one rut, but switches fromsingle territory to lek territory were rare. We suggest thatmales in single territories are inferior competitors that selecta low-risk, lowbenefit strategy, whereas those in lek territorieswhere no copulations were seen may be attempting to establishthemselves on the lek to increase their copulatory success infuture years. 相似文献
3.
Stefano Grignolio Francesca Brivio Nicoletta Sica Marco Apollonio 《Ethology : formerly Zeitschrift fur Tierpsychologie》2019,125(9):603-612
Predators may influence their prey populations not only through direct lethal effects, but also by causing behavioural changes. The natural expansion of the wolf (Canis lupus) into the Alps provided the rare opportunity to monitor the responses of a prey species to the return of a large predator. Density effects have rarely been considered in the study of antipredator strategies. We examined the effects of wolf recolonisation and density modifications on group size and use of safe areas by Alpine ibex (Capra ibex) in Gran Paradiso National Park (Italy), where no large terrestrial predator has been present for about a century. We documented that, in a few years, the variation in the factors affecting the landscape of fear caused significant modifications in ibex behavioural patterns that could not be accounted for by density changes only. Male groups decreased in size and moved closer to safer areas. The distance of female groups from refuge sites, instead, was not affected, and their propensity to live in groups was scarcely modified. Behavioural modifications likely caused a reduction in nutrient intake in adult male ibex, as they necessarily used lower‐quality feeding patches. Our results showed that male and female ibex, which are characterised by a strong dimorphism, adopted different strategies to solve the conflicting demands of foraging efficiently and avoiding predators. 相似文献
4.
Francesca Parrini Stefano Grignolio Siriano Luccarini Bruno Bassano Marco Apollonio 《Acta theriologica》2003,48(3):411-423
During a two year preliminary study, the spatial organization of a group of male Alpine ibexCapra ibex ibex Linnaeus, 1758 was examined in the Gran Paradiso National Park, Western Italian Alps, Italy. From December 1995 to January 1998 we measured annual, seasonal home range and home range during the rut, plus altitudinal migration of 13 radio-collared adult Alpine ibex. The small annual home range size showed a traditional use of space, confirmed by the high overlapping values between home ranges of consecutive years: the ibex used the same places from year to year. This was also true during periods of rut. Home ranges closely overlapped in consecutive ruts, while their size changed from winter to winter. Snow cover limited the movements of the ibex; winter and spring home ranges were smaller than those in summer and autumn. Mean vertical movement patterns were similar in the two years, showing the highest values in summer and the lowest in spring. Space use was never proportional to availability for each altitudinal range. 相似文献
5.
Wolves (Canis lupus) in Italy represent a relict west European population. They are classified as vulnerable by IUCN, though have increased in number and expanded their range in recent decades. Here we use 17 years of monitoring data (from 1993 to 2010) collected in a mountainous region of central Italy (Arezzo, Tuscany) in an ecological niche-based model (MaxEnt) to characterize breeding sites (i.e. the areas where pups were raised) within home ranges, as detected from play-back responses. From a suite of variables related to topography, habitat and human disturbance we found that elevation and distance to protected areas were most important in explaining the locality of wolf responses. Rendezvous sites (family play-back response sites) typically occurred between 800 and 1200 m a.s.l., inside protected areas, and were usually located along mountain chains distant from human settlements and roads. In these areas human disturbance is low and the densities of ungulates are typically high. Over recent years, rendezvous sites have occurred closer to urban areas as the wolf population has continued to expand, despite the consequent human disturbance. This suggests that undisturbed landscapes may be reaching their carrying capacity for wolves. This, in turn, may lead to the potential for increased human-wolf interactions in future. Applying our model, both within and beyond the species’ current range, we identify sites both within the current range and also further afield, that the species could occupy in future. Our work underlines the importance of the present protected areas network in facilitating the recolonisation by wolves. Our projections of suitability of sites for future establishment as the population continues to expand could inform planning to minimize future wolf-human conflicts. 相似文献
6.
Massimo Scandura Laura Iacolina Marco Apollonio Francesco Dessì-Fulgheri Mariella Baratti 《European Journal of Wildlife Research》2010,56(1):33-42
Four Alectoris species inhabit the Mediterranean area, where they represent important gamebirds subject to human manipulations. The Sardinian
partridge is peculiar in Europe, in that it belongs to the African species Alectoris barbara. Nevertheless, no comprehensive study has as yet investigated its genetic status as regards both the extant levels of genetic
diversity and the possible contamination due to introgressive hybridization with other Mediterranean species. For the purposes
of this study, we analyzed 65 samples of Sardinian partridges, 40 of which came from the wild population and 25 from captive
stocks. No one of them showed a mtDNA polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism haplotype assigned
to another species than A. barbara, thus, ruling out a possible introgression in the maternal line. In addition, we compared these samples with 94 partridges
from other circum-Mediterranean populations using a set of eight chicken (Gallus gallus) microsatellites. A low level of genetic variation was observed in the Sardinian population (H
E = 0.310; k
AR = 2.69), comparable only to that observed in the Sicilian rock partridge (A. graeca). The comparison with the Tunisian population showed that its present genetic composition is consistent with a historical
introduction from North Africa, showing possible effects of a post-introductional genetic drift. Bayesian tests assigned all
but one individuals with >90% probability to A. barbara, thus, providing evidence that no or only a few exotic Alectoris genes have introgressed into Sardinian partridges. 相似文献
7.
Scandura Massimo Iacolina Laura Capitani Claudia Gazzola Andrea Mattioli Luca Apollonio Marco 《European Journal of Wildlife Research》2011,57(4):949-958
We investigated local gene flow in a high-density wolf (Canis lupus) population of the Italian Apennines, where no effective barrier to wolf dispersal was present. From 1998 to 2004 we examined
wolf carcasses and non-invasively collected samples, focusing on three mountain districts, separated by two valleys, where
wolf packs showed high spatial stability. Using nine autosomal microsatellites we successfully genotyped 177 samples, achieving
the identification of 74 wolves. Genetic relatedness steeply decreased with increasing distance between sampling areas, thus
suggesting that short-distance interpack migration is infrequent in this population. In addition, no individual from a central
pack under intensive monitoring was sampled in the range of the surrounding packs over a 4-year period. The limited short-distance
gene flow resulted in a cryptic genetic structure, which was revealed by Bayesian analysis. A different genetic cluster was
found in each of the three mountain areas, and a small proportion of first-generation immigrants was detected. Overall, the
present study suggests that local genetic differentiation in Italian wolves might arise from high spatial stability of packs
and can be favoured by a combination of long-range dispersal, the attitude to mate between unrelated individuals and a high
young mortality rate. 相似文献
8.
Marchionni I Paffi A Pellegrino M Liberti M Apollonio F Abeti R Fontana F D'Inzeo G Mazzanti M 《Biochimica et biophysica acta》2006,1758(5):597-605
Alteration of membrane surface charges represents one of the most interesting effects of the electromagnetic exposure on biological structures. Some evidence exists in the case of extremely low frequency whereas the same effect in the radiofrequency range has not been detected. Changes in transmembrane voltages are probably responsible for the mobilization of intracellular calcium described in some previous studies but not confirmed in others. These controversial results may be due to the cell type under examination and/or to the permeability properties of the membranes. According to such a hypothesis, calcium oscillations would be a secondary effect due to the induced change in the membrane voltage and thus dependent on the characteristics of ionic channels present in a particular preparation. Calcium increases could suggest more than one mechanism to explain the biological effects of exposure due to the fact that all the cellular pathways using calcium ions as a second messenger could be, in theory, disturbed by the electromagnetic field exposure. In the present work, we investigate the early phase of the signal transmission in the peripheral nervous system. We present evidence that the firing rate of rat sensory neurons can be modified by 50/60 Hz magnetic field but not by low level 900 MHz fields. The action of the 50/60 Hz magnetic field is biphasic. At first, the number of action potentials increases in time. Following this early phase, the firing rate decreases more rapidly than in control conditions. The explanation can be found at the single-channel level. Dynamic action current recordings in dorsal root ganglion neurons acutely exposed to the electromagnetic field show increased functionality of calcium channels. In parallel, a calcium-activated potassium channel is able to increase its mean open time. 相似文献
9.
Elena Bassi Emanuela Donaggio Andrea Marcon Massimo Scandura Marco Apollonio 《Mammalian Biology》2012,77(5):369-376
Red fox (Vulpes vulpes) and wolf (Canis lupus) are two widespread opportunistic predators living in simpatry in many areas. Nonetheless, scarce information are available on their trophic interactions. We investigated food habits of these two carnivores in a mountain area in Italy and assessed the extent of their trophic niche overlap, focusing on the consumption of wild ungulates. Thereby we analyzed the content of 669 red fox scats and 253 wolf scats collected between May 2008 and April 2009. Red foxes resulted to have a more than three times higher niche breadth than wolves. Vegetables, small mammals, wild ungulates, and invertebrates were major items (altogether 92% of volume) of the red fox annual diet. On the contrary wolf annual diet relied on wild ungulates (94% of volume) with wild boar (Sus scrofa) being the main food item. The degree of trophic niche overlap between the two species was found to be low (Pianka's O = 0.356). Diet variation between the warm and the cold seasons was limited in both species, and higher in red fox than in wolf. The two canids appeared to use wild ungulates unevenly being the former more selective for younger preys, smaller in size (newborn piglets and roe deer Capreolus capreolus fawns), whereas the latter exhibited a preference for medium-sized and large ungulates (10–35 kg wild boar and adult roe deer). Even if wild ungulates represent the main shared food category, the different use of age/weight classes by the two predators, together with their possible consumption as carrions by red fox, suggests a very limited trophic competition between wolf and red fox.This study represents a contribution to the knowledge of trophic interaction in predator–prey systems where sympatric carnivores are present. 相似文献
10.
Male spacing behaviour of roe deer Capreolus capreolus (Linnaeus, 1758) was studied in a wooded mountainous habitat in the Casentinesi Forest National Park, Italy. Data were collected using radio-tracking techniques from March 1997 to February 1998. Annual, seasonal, and bimonthly home ranges were analysed. Different factors may influence male spacing behaviour throughout the year. Winter home range sizes may be dependent on environmental conditions, while social factors could determine a high level of individual variability during the territorial and reproductive period. Prime age males showed great spatial stability, in contrast to the ranging movements of yearlings. 相似文献