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1.
With increasing reports on bioterrorism, avian flu, and other bio-threats, rapid and real time detection methods are highly warranted. Studies on developing highly sensitive immunosensors aiming at the early detection and clinical diagnoses of various diseases including cancer are undertaken all over the globe. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been widely discussed as materials with enormous potential for a wide range of in vivo and in vitro bioapplications, ranging from drug delivery to highly sensitive biosensors, owing to their superior electronic and mechanical properties along with nanoscale dimensions. Though a lot of attention has been drawn toward carbon nanotubes for the past 15 years in academia and to a certain extent in industry, CNT-based immunosensors and other applications are still in the nascent stage, and there are many challenges to be overcome for the successful commercialization of the concepts. This article highlights on the recent developments and the possible impacts of carbon nanotube based immunosensors.  相似文献   
2.
The present study deals with ANN based prediction of culture parameters in terms of inoculum density, pH and volume of growth medium per culture vessel and sucrose content of the growth medium for Glycyrrhiza hairy root cultures. This kind of study could be a model system in exploitation of hairy root cultures for commercial production of pharmaceutical compounds using large bioreactors. The study is aimed to evaluate the efficiency of regression neural network and back propagation neural network for the prediction of optimal culture conditions for maximum hairy root biomass yield. The training data for regression and back propagation networks were primed on the basis of function approximation, where final biomass fresh weight (fwt) was considered as a function of culture parameters. On this basis the variables in culture conditions were described in the form of equations which are for inoculum density: y=0.02x+0.04, for pH of growth medium: y=x+2.8, for sucrose content in medium: y=9.9464x+(−9.7143) and for culture medium per culture vessel: y=10x. The fresh weight values obtained from training data were considered as target values and further compared with predicted fresh weight values. The empirical data were used as testing data and further compared with values predicted from trained networks. Standard MATLAB inbuilt generalized regression network with radial basis function radbas as transfer function in layer one and purelin in layer two and back propagation having purelin as transfer function in output layer and logsig in hidden layer were used. Although in comparative assessment both the networks were found efficient for prediction of optimal culture conditions for high biomass production, more accuracy in results was seen with regression network.  相似文献   
3.
Unlike young hearts, aged hearts are highly susceptible to early afterdepolarization (EAD)-mediated ventricular fibrillation (VF). This differential may result from age-related structural remodeling (fibrosis) or electrical remodeling of ventricular myocytes or both. We used optical mapping and microelectrode recordings in Langendorff-perfused hearts and patch-clamp recordings in isolated ventricular myocytes from aged (24-26 mo) and young (3-4 mo) rats to assess susceptibility to EADs and VF during either oxidative stress with ANG II (2 μM) or ionic stress with hypokalemia (2.7 mM). ANG II caused EAD-mediated VF in 16 of 19 aged hearts (83%) after 32 ± 7 min but in 0 of 9 young hearts (0%). ANG II-mediated VF was suppressed with KN-93 (Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent kinase inhibitor) and the reducing agent N-acetylcysteine. Hypokalemia caused EAD-mediated VF in 11 of 11 aged hearts (100%) after 7.4 ± 0.4 min. In 14 young hearts, however, VF did not occur in 6 hearts (43%) or was delayed in onset (31 ± 22 min, P < 0.05) in 8 hearts (57%). In patch-clamped myocytes, ANG II and hypokalemia (n = 6) induced EADs and triggered activity in both age groups (P = not significant) at a cycle length of >0.5 s. When myocytes of either age group were coupled to a virtual fibroblast using the dynamic patch-clamp technique, EADs arose in both groups at a cycle length of <0.5 s. Aged ventricles had significantly greater fibrosis and reduced connexin43 gap junction density compared with young hearts. The lack of differential age-related sensitivity at the single cell level in EAD susceptibility indicates that increased ventricular fibrosis in the aged heart plays a key role in increasing vulnerability to VF induced by oxidative and ionic stress.  相似文献   
4.
Members of the aspartase/fumarase superfamily share a common tertiary and quaternary fold, as well as a similar active site architecture; the superfamily includes aspartase, fumarase, argininosuccinate lyase, adenylosuccinate lyase, δ-crystallin, and 3-carboxy-cis,cis-muconate lactonizing enzyme (CMLE). These enzymes all process succinyl-containing substrates, leading to the formation of fumarate as the common product (except for the CMLE-catalyzed reaction, which results in the formation of a lactone). In the past few years, X-ray crystallographic analysis of several superfamily members in complex with substrate, product, or substrate analogues has provided detailed insights into their substrate binding modes and catalytic mechanisms. This structural work, combined with earlier mechanistic studies, revealed that members of the aspartase/fumarase superfamily use a common catalytic strategy, which involves general base-catalyzed formation of a stabilized aci-carboxylate (or enediolate) intermediate and the participation of a highly flexible loop, containing the signature sequence GSSxxPxKxN (named the SS loop), in substrate binding and catalysis.  相似文献   
5.
Ligand‐regulated pregnane X receptor (PXR), a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily, plays a central role in xenobiotic metabolism. Despite its critical role in drug metabolism, PXR activation can lead to adverse drug‐drug interactions and early stage metabolism of drugs. Activated PXR can induce cancer drug resistance and enhance the onset of malignancy. Since promiscuity in ligand binding makes it difficult to develop competitive inhibitors targeting PXR ligand binding pocket (LBP), it is essential to identify allosteric sites for effective PXR antagonism. Here, molecular dynamics (MD) simulation studies unravelled the existence of two different conformational states, namely “expanded” and “contracted”, in apo PXR ligand binding domain (LBD). Ligand binding events shifted this conformational equilibrium and locked the LBD in a single “ligand‐adaptable” conformational state. Ensemble‐based computational solvent mapping identified a transiently open potential small molecule binding pocket between α5 and α8 helices, named “α8 pocket”, whose opening‐closing mechanism directly correlated with the conformational shift in LBD. A virtual hit identified through structure‐based virtual screening against α8 pocket locks the pocket in its open conformation. MD simulations further revealed that the presence of small molecule at allosteric site disrupts the LBD dynamics and locks the LBD in a “tightly‐contracted” conformation. The molecular details provided here could guide new structural studies to understand PXR activation and antagonism.  相似文献   
6.
Nitrogen fixing bacterial diversity in a tropical estuarine sediments   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
Microorganisms play a significant role in biogeochemical cycles, especially in the benthic and pelagic ecosystems. Role of environmental parameters in regulating the diversity, distribution and physiology of these microorganisms in tropical marine environment is not well understood. In this study, we have identified dinitrogen (N2) fixing bacterial communities in the sediments by constructing clone libraries of nitrogenase (nifH) gene from four different stations in the Cochin estuary, along the southeastern Arabian Sea. N2 fixing bacterial clones revealed that over 20 putative diazotrophs belong to alpha-, beta-, gamma-, delta- and epsilon- proteobacteria and firmicutes. Predominant genera among these were Bradyrhizobium sp. (α-proteobacteria), Dechloromonas sp. (β-proteobacteria); Azotobactor sp., Teredinibacter sp., Methylobacter sp., Rheinheimera sp. and Marinobacterium sp. (γ-proteobacteria); Desulfobacter sp., Desulfobulbus sp. and Desulfovibrio sp. (δ -proteobacteria); Arcobacter sp. and Sulfurospirillum sp. (ε-proteobacteria). Nostoc sp. was solely identified among the cyanobacterial phylotype. Nitrogen fixing Sulfate reducing bacteria (SRBs) such as Desulfobulbus sp., Desulfovibrio sp., Desulfuromonas sp., Desulfosporosinus sp., Desulfobacter sp., were also observed in the study. Most of the bacterial nifH sequences revealed that the identities of N2 fixing bacteria were less than 95% similar to that available in the GenBank database, which suggested that the sequences were of novel N2 fixing microorganisms. Shannon-Weiner diversity index of nifH gene ranged from 2.95 to 3.61, indicating an inflated diversity of N2 fixing bacteria. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) implied positive correlation among nifH diversity, N2 fixation rate and other environmental variables.  相似文献   
7.
The objective of this study was to estimate a prey body size from the hard parts (e.g. otoliths) of a fish species frequently found in the guts of predators. Length–weight relationships between otolith size (length, height, weight and aspect ratio) and fish size (total length and weight) were determined for four fish species captured in the Arabian Sea by bottom trawl (2015 survey on‐board FORV Sagar Sampada, 200–300 m depth), off the west coast of India: Psenopsis cyanea, Pterygotrigla hemisticta, Bembrops caudimacula and Hoplostethus rubellopterus. No significant differences were noted between the size of the left and right otoliths (t test) in any of the four species. The length–weight relationship of the otolith in all four species showed a negative allometric growth pattern (t test, p < .05). The data fitted well to the regression model for otolith length (OL), otolith height (OH) and otolith weight (OW) to total length (TL) and total weight (TW). Results showed that these relationships are a helpful tool in predicting fish size from the otoliths and in calculating the biomass of these less‐studied fish species during feeding studies and palaentology.  相似文献   
8.
A photoenolization reaction is shown to be the key reaction step in the preparation of substituted indan-1-ones as convenient precursors for the synthesis of donepezil, a well-known acetylcholinesterase inhibitor. Model 2,5-dialkylphenacyl chlorides, differently substituted in the alpha-carbon position, were found to produce indan-1-ones upon irradiation in non-nucleophilic solvents in high chemical yields via hydrogen chloride release. While direct excitation of 4,5-dimethoxy-2-methylphenacyl chloride led to a complex mixture of photoproducts, photolysis of the corresponding benzoate was found to form 5,6-dimethoxyindan-1-one in 62-72% chemical yields and a relatively low quantum efficiency (Phi approximately 0.02). This compound can then be easily converted to donepezil by standard synthetic steps described in the literature. Isotopic exchange and quenching experiments revealed that the product is obtained by the photoenolization process via the triplet excited state, while minor side-photoproducts originate from the singlet excited state. Irradiation of the reactant in neat acetone, used both as a triplet sensitizer and solvent at the same time, was found to form 5,6-dimethoxyindan-1-one exclusively in high (90%) chemical yield.  相似文献   
9.
Metal nanostructure on dielectric substrate with increased hotspot density has drawn considerable research interest in recent years toward the study of surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). In this paper, we report the fabrication of a diagonally aligned squared metal nano-pillar (SMNP) on a dielectric substrate and revealed it as an efficient SERS substrate with increased hotspot density for sensing of Raman active materials. Due to dipolar coupling and lightening rod effect between the neighboring nano-pillars, the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) field intensity increased significantly in the space between two neighboring SMNP which would lead to the enhancement of SERS signal. The SMNP has been fabricated using electron beam lithographic (EBL) technique with hotspot density of 2.45 × 107/mm2. With the designed SERS substrate an average enhancement factor (EF) of 3.27 × 108 has been observed with relative standard deviation of ~13 %.  相似文献   
10.
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