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Tocotrienols, members of the vitamin E family, are natural compounds found in a number of vegetable oils, wheat germ, barley and certain types of nuts and grains. Vegetable oils provide the best sources of these vitamin E forms, particularly palm oil and rice bran oil contain higher amounts of tocotrienols. Other sources of tocotrienols include grape fruit seed oil, oats, hazelnuts, maize, olive oil, buckthorn berry, rye, flax seed oil, poppy seed oil and sunflower oil. Tocotrienols are of four types, viz. alpha (α), beta (β), gamma (γ) and delta (δ). Unlike tocopherols, tocotrienols are unsaturated and possess an isoprenoid side chain. A number of researchers have developed methods for the extraction, analysis, identification and quantification of different types of vitamin E compounds. This article constitutes an in-depth review of the chemistry and extraction of the unsaturated vitamin E derivatives, tocotrienols, from various sources using different methods. This review article lists the different techniques that are used in the characterization and purification of tocotrienols such as soxhlet and solid–liquid extractions, saponification method, chromatography (thin layer, column chromatography, gas chromatography, supercritical fluid, high performance), capillary electrochromatography and mass spectrometry. Some of the methods described were able to identify one form or type while others could analyse all the analogues of tocotrienol molecules. Hence, this article will be helpful in understanding the various methods used in the characterization of this lesser known vitamin E variant. 相似文献
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Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is the leading cause of death in diabetic patients and the current treatment options available have a limited significance. The insect galls of Quercus infectoria are traditionally important in the treatment of numerous diseases including diabetes. Hence, the present study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of Q. infectoria gall extract (QIGE) against experimental DN. Type 2 diabetes was induced by feeding rats with a high-fat diet (HFD) initially for 5 weeks, followed by a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ, 35?mg/kg?bw/day). QIGE was administered to the rats orally at doses of 100 and 200?mg/kg?bw/day, respectively. At the end of the experimental period, various glycemic and renal function parameters were evaluated in the serum, urine and kidney tissues. The QIGE treatment significantly (p?.001) reduced the levels of fasting blood glucose, serum lipid profile, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and homeostasis assessment of insulin resistance in treated rats as compared to diabetic control rats. Markers of oxidative stress and the expression of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) in the kidneys of diabetic rats were significantly (p?.001) normalized by QIGE administration. QIGE prevents the development of DN via the inhibition of hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress and renal TGF-β expression and is, therefore, a potential therapeutic agent in the treatment of diabetic complications, especially DN. 相似文献
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Saleem Muhammad Asif Malik Waqas Qayyum Abdul Ul-Allah Sami Ahmad Muhammad Qadir Afzal Hammad Amjid Muhammad Waqas Ateeq Muhammad Farjad Zia Zia Ullah 《Molecular biology reports》2021,48(2):1069-1079
Molecular Biology Reports - Pakistan ranked highest with reference to average temperatures in cotton growing areas of the world. The heat waves are becoming more intense and unpredictable due to... 相似文献
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