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Summary The use of reticulated polyurethane foam as a support material for the immobilization of methanogenic associations and its application to the anaerobic treatment of fine particulate solid wastes was investigated. The colonization of polyurethane support particles in a continuous upflow reactor fed on a mixture of acetate, propionate and butyrate, was both rapid and dense. The combination of rumen microorganisms and colonized support particles in a two-phase digester resulted in an efficient anaerobic decomposition of papermill sludge. 相似文献
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AB Chang NC Cox J Purcell JM Marchant PJ Lewindon GJ Cleghorn LC Ee GD Withers MK Patrick J Faoagali 《Respiratory research》2005,6(1):1-5
Background and methods
Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) is a recently discovered respiratory virus associated with bronchiolitis, pneumonia, croup and exacerbations of asthma. Since respiratory viruses are frequently detected in patients with acute exacerbations of COPD (AE-COPD) it was our aim to investigate the frequency of hMPV detection in a prospective cohort of hospitalized patients with AE-COPD compared to patients with stable COPD and to smokers without by means of quantitative real-time RT-PCR.Results
We analysed nasal lavage and induced sputum of 130 patients with AE-COPD, 65 patients with stable COPD and 34 smokers without COPD. HMPV was detected in 3/130 (2.3%) AE-COPD patients with a mean of 6.5 × 105 viral copies/ml in nasal lavage and 1.88 × 105 viral copies/ml in induced sputum. It was not found in patients with stable COPD or smokers without COPD.Conclusion
HMPV is only found in a very small number of patients with AE-COPD. However it should be considered as a further possible viral trigger of AE-COPD because asymptomatic carriage is unlikely. 相似文献5.
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Structural characterization of mycobacterial phosphatidylinositol mannoside binding to mouse CD1d 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Zajonc DM Ainge GD Painter GF Severn WB Wilson IA 《Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)》2006,177(7):4577-4583
Mycobacterial phosphatidylinositol tetramannosides (PIM4) are agonists for a distinct population of invariant human (Valpha24) and mouse (Valpha14) NKT cells, when presented by CD1d. We determined the crystal structure at 2.6-A resolution of mouse CD1d bound to a synthetic dipalmitoyl-PIM2. Natural PIM2, which differs in its fatty acid composition is a biosynthetic precursor of PIM4, PIM6, lipomannan, and lipoarabinomannan. The PIM2 headgroup (inositol-dimannoside) is the most complex to date among all the crystallized CD1d ligands and is remarkably ordered in the CD1d binding groove. A specific hydrogen-bonding network between PIM2 and CD1d orients the headgroup in the center of the binding groove and above the A' pocket. A central cluster of hydrophilic CD1d residues (Asp(153), Thr(156), Ser(76), Arg(79)) interacts with the phosphate, inositol, and alpha1-alpha6-linked mannose of the headgroup, whereas additional specificity for the alpha1- and alpha2-linked mannose is conferred by Thr(159). The additional two mannoses in PIM4, relative to PIM2, are located at the distal 6' carbon of the alpha1-alpha6-linked mannose and would project away from the CD1d binding groove for interaction with the TCR. Compared with other CD1d-sphingolipid structures, PIM2 has an increased number of polar interactions between its headgroup and CD1, but reduced specificity for the diacylglycerol backbone. Thus, novel NKT cell agonists can be designed that focus on substitutions of the headgroup rather than on reducing lipid chain length, as in OCH and PBS-25, two potent variants of the highly stimulatory invariant NKT cell agonist alpha-galactosylceramide. 相似文献
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Ainge GD Parlane NA Denis M Hayman CM Larsen DS Painter GF 《Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry》2006,14(22):7615-7624
Phosphatidylinositol mannosides (PIMs) isolated from mycobacteria have been identified as an important class of glycolipids with significant immune modulating properties. We present here the syntheses of phosphatidylinositol dimannoside (PIM2, 1) and phosphatidylinositol tetramannoside (PIM4, 2) and evaluate their adjuvant properties in a transgenic mouse model. The key step in the synthetic methodology for the synthesis of 2 relies on the selective glycosylation of diol 3 with mannosyl donor 11. Both synthetic PIMs were effective at enhancing IFN-gamma when given as adjuvants with a model antigen, with PIM2 being the more active. These data suggest that in this assay the PIM core structure is responsible for the observed biological activity. 相似文献
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Olfactory contribution to Fos expression during mating in inexperienced male hamsters 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Male hamsters are very dependent on chemosensory cues for normal mating
behavior. We have previously reported that central, vomeronasal pathways
are intensely and selectively activated during mating or pheromonal
stimulation. The contribution of main olfactory sensory input to the
patterns of c-fos activation was investigated in this study. Sexually
inexperienced male hamsters were either made anosmic by intranasal infusion
of zinc sulfate or remained intact. Fos protein immunoreactivity was
analyzed in main olfactory and vomeronasal pathways of the zinc
sulfate-treated, anosmic animals after mating with receptive females for 45
min, and compared with Fos patterns seen in intact mating animals, some of
which have been described in a previous publication. The zinc
sulfate-treated anosmic males described here all mated when given access to
receptive females. Whether mated or unstimulated, anosmic males had little
or no Fos expression in main olfactory pathways; significantly less even
than in unstimulated intact animals. Mating did not increase Fos expression
in main olfactory pathways of intact animals over that of unstimulated
intact controls. However, Fos expression in central vomeronasal pathways
was significantly higher in mating anosmic males, as in intact males,
compared with appropriate non-mating controls. Fos expression was
significantly different between intact and zinc sulfate-treated anosmic
mating males in only one area studied. The rostral anterior medial
amygdala, known to receive a small olfactory terminal field, had
significantly lower Fos expression in zinc sulfate-treated anosmic males
that mated when compared with intact-mating animals. Thus, functional main
olfactory input to the rostral vomeronasal amygdala can be demonstrated but
does not appear to be critical for mating behavior in previously
inexperienced male hamsters with intact vomeronasal organs. Other main
olfactory input appears to have a negligible contribution to Fos-patterns
in such animals.
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Intermediate filaments in nervous tissues 总被引:59,自引:30,他引:29
Intermediate filaments have been isolated from rabbit intradural spinal nerve roots by the axonal flotation method. This method was modified to avoid exposure of axons to low ionic strength medium. The purified filaments are morphologically 75-80 percent pure. The gel electrophoretogram shows four major bands migrating at 200,000, 145,000, 68,000, and 60,000 daltons, respectively. A similar preparation from rabbit brain shows four major polypeptides with mol wt of 200,000 145,000, 68,000, and 51,000 daltons. These results indicate that the neurofilament is composed of a triplet of polypepetides with mol wt of 200,000, 145,000, and 68,000 daltons. The 51,000-dalton band that appears in brain filament preparations as the major polypeptide seems to be of glial origin. The significance of the 60,000- dalton band in the nerve root filament preparation is unclear at this time. Antibodies raised against two of the triplet proteins isolated from calf brain localize by immunofluorescence to neurons in central and peripheral nerve. On the other hand, an antibody to the 51,000-dalton polypeptide gives only glial staining in the brain, and very weak peripheral nerve staining. Prolonged exposure of axons to low ionic strength medium solubilizes almost all of the triplet polypeptides, leaving behind only the 51,000- dalton component. This would indicate that the neurofilament is soluble at low ionic strength, whereas the glial filament is not. These results indicate that neurofilaments and glial filaments are composed of different polypeptides and have different solubility characteristics. 相似文献