Black and Hispanic Men Perceived to Be Large Are at Increased Risk for Police Frisk,Search, and Force

Social justice issues remain some of the most pressing problems in the United States. One aspect of social justice involves the differential treatment of demographic groups in the criminal justice system. While data consistently show that Blacks and Hispanics are often treated differently than Whites, one understudied aspect of these disparities is how police officers'' assessments of suspects'' size affects their decisions. Using over 3 million cases from the New York Police Department (NYPD) Stop, Question, and Frisk (SQF) Database, 2006–2013, this study is the first to explore suspects'' race, perceived size, and police treatment. Results indicate that tall and heavy black and Hispanic men are at the greatest risk for frisk or search. Tall and heavy suspects are at increased risk for experiencing police force, with black and Hispanic men being more likely to experience force than white men across size categories.     

Systemic Induction of Salicylic Acid Accumulation in Cucumber after Inoculation with Pseudomonas syringae pv syringae

Inoculation of one true leaf of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) plants with Pseudomonas syringae pathovar syringae results in the systemic appearance of salicylic acid in the phloem exudates from petioles above, below, and at the site of inoculation. Analysis of phloem exudates from the petioles of leaves 1 and 2 demonstrated that the earliest increases in salicylic acid occurred 8 hours after inoculation of leaf 1 in leaf 1 and 12 hours after inoculation of leaf 1 in leaf 2. Detaching leaf 1 at intervals after inoculation demonstrated that leaf 1 must remain attached for only 4 hours after inoculation to result in the systemic accumulation of salicylic acid. Because the levels of salicylic acid in phloem exudates from leaf 1 did not increase to detectable levels until at least 8 hours after inoculation with P. s. pathovar syringae, the induction of increased levels of salicylic acid throughout the plant are presumably the result of another chemical signal generated from leaf 1 within 4 hours after inoculation. Injection of salicylic acid into tissues at concentrations found in the exudates induced resistance to disease and increased peroxidase activity. Our results support a role for salicylic acid as an endogenous inducer of resistance, but our data also suggest that salicylic acid is not the primary systemic signal of induced resistance in cucumber.     

Lactation-associated redistribution of the glial fibrillary acidic protein within the supraoptic nucleus

Summary Three clones of myeloproliferative virus (MPV)-transformed rat fibroblasts (NRK) with different growth properties and morphology were transplanted to athymic nude mice. Presence of carbohydrate-binding proteins was inferred by fluorescence microscopy using fluorescent, glycosylated markers. Salt and detergent extracts of tumors from this model system were fractionated under identical conditions on different sets of Sepharose columns, to which lactose, asialofetuin, melibiose, mannan and fucose had been covalently linked. Successive elution by chelating reagent and specific sugar resulted in isolation of the different Ca²⁺-dependent and Ca²⁺-independent endogenous carbohydrate-binding proteins that were assayable as agglutinins. In comparison, the different tumors displayed a pattern with qualitative and quantitative alterations. Since protein-carbohydrate interaction mediated by carbohydrate-binding proteins (lectins) is of importance for cognitive processes, it is remarkable that the pattern of membrane glycoproteins, isolated by affinity chromatography on resins with immobilized plant lectins, had also been found to reveal certain individual properties for receptors specific for peanut agglutinin (PNA) and Ulex europaeus agglutinin (UEA). These demonstrated differences within the system of protein-carbohydrate interaction suggest that endogenous lectins and their ligands have potential significance as markers defining a certain phenotype within this tumor model system.Dedicated to Prof. Dr. W. Lamprecht on the occasion of his 60th birthday     

Ethanol and the γ-Aminobutyric Acid-Benzodiazepine Receptor Complex

Abstract: Ethanol appears to enhance γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-mediated synaptic transmission. Using radioligand binding techniques, we investigated the possibility that the GABA-benzodiazepine receptor complex is the site responsible for this effect. Ethanol at concentrations up to 100 m M failed to alter binding of [³H]flunitrazepam (FNZ), [³H]Ro 15-1788, or [³H]methyl-γ-carboline-3-carboxylate (MBCC) to benzodiazepine receptors, or of [³H]muscimol to GABA receptors in rat brain membranes. Scatchard analyses of the binding of these radioligands at 4°C and 37°C revealed no significant effects of 100 m M ethanol on receptor affinity or number. A variety of drugs as well as chloride ion increased binding of [³H]FNZ and/or [³H]muscimol, but these influences were not modified by ethanol. These findings indicate that ethanol probably potentiates GABAergic neurotransmission at a signal transduction site beyond the GABA-benzodiazepine receptor complex.     

Antiproliferative Action of Benzodiazepines in Cultured Brain Cells Is Not Mediated Through the Peripheral-Type Benzodiazepine Acceptor

The benzodiazepines, Ro 5-4864, diazepam, clonazepam, and also PK-11195, inhibited, at micromolar concentrations, the proliferation of rat C6 glioma and mouse neuro-2A neuroblastoma cells in culture. The cells possessed high levels of "peripheral-type" high-affinity benzodiazepine binding sites as judged by binding assays and displacement potencies. However, the different potencies and specificities of compounds for the antiproliferative actions and binding affinities for the binding site suggest that the antiproliferative actions were not mediated through the peripheral-type binding site. In support of this, these compounds have also been shown to inhibit proliferation of some nonneuronal cultured cell lines, e.g., mouse SP2/O-Ag 14 hybridoma and rat NCTC epithelial cells, which have no detectable high-affinity peripheral-type benzodiazepine binding sites.     

Reinstatement of Microtubule Arrays from Cortical Nucleating Sites in Stomatal Complexes of Lolium rigidum Following Depolymerization of Microtubules by Oryzalin and High Pressure

Immunofluorescence visualization of microtubule (MT) arraysin stomatal complexes of Lolium rigidum shows that disassemblyof the arrays can be successfully achieved using oryzalin orhigh pressure treatments. Under conditions allowing for MT recovery,MTs reappear within an hour after oryzalin or within 5 min afterhigh pressure treatment. During recovery guard mother cells(GMCs) nucleate MTs at sites distributed randomly in the cellcortex. Even after 22 h of recovery the MTs are not arrangedinto any configuration found in untreated tissue. This inabilityto reorganize their MTs after treatment makes GMCs more sensitiveto the loss of MTs than are other cells of the leaf. In guardcells (GCs) MTs reappear around the pore at the junction ofthe periclinal and ventral walls. They subsequently appear throughoutmost of the cell cortex and the majority of stomatal complexesrecover fully organized MT arrays indistinguishable from thosein untreated cells. The results support and extend ultrastructuraland immunofluorescence observations that suggest that MTs inGCs of developing stomata are nucleated in the cell cortex. ²Present address: Department of Biology, The University of SouthwesternLouisiana, Lafayette, Louisiana 70504-2451, U.S.A. (Received April 24, 1990; Accepted July 7, 1990)     

Genes associated with meningococcal capsule complex are also found in Neisseria gonorrhoeae.

A homolog of the meningococcal cps locus region E has been identified in Neisseria gonorrhoeae immediately upstream of the gonococcal region D locus. Region E has no detectable function in capsule biosynthesis in Neisseria meningitidis or in lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis in either organism. The open reading frame is homologous to proteins of unknown function in Escherichia coli and Haemophilus influenzae. Further analysis of the N. meningitidis cps cluster has identified a second copy of region D encoding three additional open reading frames, including homologs of DNA methyltransferases. The organization of the region D and E genes in N. gonorrhoeae and N. meningitidis in relation to the cps genes provides some insight into the evolutionary origin of encapsulation in N. meningitidis.