A variable selection index for the compensation of correlated genetic change

Summary A selection index for two traits has been constructed which allows partial restriction for one of the traits. The index is used in a situation where correlated response to selection in one sex is compenstated for by selection for other traits in the opposite sex. A numerical example is given.     

Genetic control of T-lymphocyte mitogenesis in chickens

The in vitro mitogenic response to PHA and Con A was determined in three inbred lines of chickens. Lymphocytes from one line consistently showed a greater stimulation by PHA than the other two lines. Analysis of F₁ crosses and backcrosses indicated that this quantitative difference was controlled by more than one gene. More substantial differences in Con-A stimulation were also observed between the three lines, and the data indicated that separate genetic systems were controlling the variation in PHA and Con-A stimulation. Analysis of F₁ crosses, backcrosses and assortative matings between backcrosses revealed that the variation in Con-A stimulation was controlled by at least two major genes, one of which may be linked to the major histocompatibility complex. Surprisingly, one line appeared to be segregating for Con-A stimulation in spite of an inbreeding coefficient greater than 0.98.     

Immunoglobulin levels in chickens with inherited muscular distrophy

Blood serum levels of 7S Ig appear to be a highly heritable (h²=0.76) trait. A possibly weak association of high 7S Ig with the phenotype of inherited muscular dystrophy is noted. In contrast to a previous study (Sanders and Kline 1977), our survey of 4 comparisons in paired lines showed dystrophics with slightly elevated 7S Ig levels and no differences in IgM levels when compared to controls.     

Human retinal vascular cells differ from umbilical cells in synthetic functions and their response to glucose.

Cell culture systems have commonly been used to study mechanisms implicated in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy, but the great majority of cell preparations used have been either of nonhuman retinal origin or nonretinal human origin. Because of questions of species and organ specificity in the function of cells of vascular origin, in this study, cultured microvascular endothelial cells (HREC), pericytes (HRPC), and pigment epithelial cells from the postmortem human retina, and endothelial cells from human umbilical vein (HUVEC) were evaluated with respect to cell proliferation, and secretory products potentially important in diabetic retinopathy, i.e., prostaglandins (PG) and plasminogen activators (PA), normalized to DNA content/well, under both basal (5 mM) and high (25 mM) glucose conditions. Glucose (25 mM) reduced DNA content similarly in both types of endothelial cells, had a lesser effect on HRPC, and did not significantly alter the proliferation of pigment epithelial cells. Basal secretion of PGI2 (measured as 6-keto-PGF1 alpha) was in the order HRPC much greater than HREC greater than HUVEC, whereas PGE2 secretion was in the order HREC much greater than HRPC greater than HUVEC. Glucose (25 mM) stimulated PGI2 secretion by HRPC, but not by either type of endothelial cell, and enhanced PGE2 secretion by HREC, but not by HUVEC or HRPC. Release of plasminogen activator activity differed between HUVEC and HREC under basal conditions and addition of 25 mM glucose stimulated release only from HREC. Glucose (25 mM) stimulated PA secretion by HREC, but not by HUVEC. These findings provide evidence that human retinal pericytes are an important source of prostacyclin, and that there are differences between HREC and HUVEC with respect to secretory functions and their modulation by glucose, indicating regional specificity of these functions. Extrapolation to human retinal vascular cells from experiments using cells from heterologous vascular beds to draw inferences about the pathophysiology of diabetic retinopathy are not valid for these cellular functions.     

鼠李糖乳杆菌LV108及其发酵乳免疫调节作用的比较

目的探讨鼠李糖乳杆菌LV108及其发酵乳对免疫抑制小鼠免疫功能的调节作用。方法将BALB/c小鼠随机分为5组,每组10只,即空白组(正常小鼠)、模型组(免疫抑制小鼠)、药物组(免疫抑制小鼠食物中添加左旋咪唑)、LV108菌悬液组(免疫抑制小鼠食物中添加LV108菌悬液)和LV108发酵乳组(免疫抑制小鼠食物中添加LV108发酵乳),除空白组外其余组构建免疫抑制小鼠模型。干预4周后,分别测定各组小鼠体质量和脏器指数,血清中白细胞介素2(IL2)、肿瘤坏死因子α(TNFα)和免疫球蛋白G(IgG)含量,血清溶血素含量、耳肿胀度和肝、脾巨噬细胞吞噬能力。结果相比模型组,LV108菌悬液组和LV108发酵乳组小鼠体质量增长速度、脏器指数、血清IL2与IgG水平、血清溶血值、耳肿胀度和巨噬细胞吞噬能力显著升高(均P<0.05);在脾脏指数、血清IL2与TNFα水平、血清溶血素含量和耳肿胀度免疫指标上,LV108菌悬液组与LV108发酵乳组之间比较差异具有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。结论LV108菌体及发酵乳对免疫抑制小鼠具备较全面的免疫调节作用,均可提高小鼠的自身免疫力;LV108发酵乳对小鼠的免疫调节作用强于LV108菌体。     

中国环境管理分区:方法与方案

我国生态环境可持续性及其影响因素的区域差异显著,各地区环境管理面临的主要挑战和需要优先解决的生态环境问题不同。进行环境管理分区,根据各地区生态环境特征及其影响因素的差异性,制定有针对性的环境管理政策,将有效促进我国区域生态环境的整体优化。采取定性和定量分析相结合的方法进行我国环境管理分区。首先,在我国3大自然区的基础上,根据我国的自然地理格局和已有的相关区划成果,把我国划分为4个环境管理大区,包括:南部季风区、北部季风区、西北干旱区和青藏高寒区。其次,通过建立的包含13个指标的环境管理分区指标体系,采用一维化欧式距离法分析各环境管理大区下相邻省级行政区环境特征的相似性,把环境特征相似性大的相邻地区划分到同一分区,得到以省级行政区为基本单元的我国环境管理分区方案。然后,结合地区间历史渊源和区域未来发展趋势分析,对基于相似性分析的初步分区方案进行调整,把我国划分为8个以省级行政区为基本单元环境管理区。最后,根据相关调整原则和方法,对以省级行政区为基本单元的分区方案的边界线进行调整,得到以地级行政区为基本单元的分区方案,把我国划分为东北地区、华北平原区、华北山地与高原区、东南沿海地区、长江流域中游地区、西南地区、西北干旱区和青藏高寒区8个环境管理区。