全文获取类型
收费全文 | 3075篇 |
免费 | 286篇 |
国内免费 | 93篇 |
专业分类
3454篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 7篇 |
2023年 | 20篇 |
2022年 | 12篇 |
2021年 | 34篇 |
2020年 | 3篇 |
2019年 | 28篇 |
2018年 | 19篇 |
2017年 | 3篇 |
2016年 | 12篇 |
2015年 | 14篇 |
2014年 | 32篇 |
2013年 | 15篇 |
2012年 | 354篇 |
2011年 | 422篇 |
2010年 | 52篇 |
2009年 | 43篇 |
2008年 | 277篇 |
2007年 | 335篇 |
2006年 | 303篇 |
2005年 | 266篇 |
2004年 | 245篇 |
2003年 | 208篇 |
2002年 | 187篇 |
2001年 | 135篇 |
2000年 | 191篇 |
1999年 | 68篇 |
1998年 | 10篇 |
1997年 | 10篇 |
1996年 | 8篇 |
1995年 | 9篇 |
1994年 | 7篇 |
1993年 | 5篇 |
1992年 | 7篇 |
1988年 | 3篇 |
1987年 | 3篇 |
1980年 | 4篇 |
1972年 | 3篇 |
1969年 | 2篇 |
1968年 | 3篇 |
1959年 | 6篇 |
1958年 | 7篇 |
1957年 | 6篇 |
1956年 | 14篇 |
1955年 | 12篇 |
1954年 | 4篇 |
1953年 | 7篇 |
1952年 | 3篇 |
1951年 | 3篇 |
1950年 | 5篇 |
1947年 | 2篇 |
排序方式: 共有3454条查询结果,搜索用时 0 毫秒
1.
The predominant spoilage fungi of dried and high-moisture prunes were members of the Aspergillus glaucus group and Xeromyces bisporus. Chrysosporium spp. were also important. At the mean pH of prune flesh (3.8) and at 25 C, X. bisporus grew at water activities (aw) down to 0.605, and Chrysosporium fastidium grew to 0.686. Germination was always followed by growth, but within the 120-day incubation period, the minimum aw permitting asexual sporulation was usually higher than that permitting germination. Sexual sporulation often required an even higher aw. The water requirements of aspergilli were appreciably greater at this pH than near neutrality, no species germinating below 0.738 aw. This was probably a consequence of a high spore-death rate during incubation at low aw and pH. 相似文献
2.
Alterations of Endogenous Cytokinins in Transgenic Plants Using a Chimeric Isopentenyl Transferase Gene 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3 下载免费PDF全文
Cytokinins, a class of phytohormones, appear to play an important role in the processes of plant development. We genetically engineered the Agrobacterium tumefaciens isopentenyl transferase gene, placing it under control of a heat-inducible promoter (maize hsp70). The chimeric hsp70 isopentenyl transferase gene was transferred to tobacco and Arabidopsis plants. Heat induction of transgenic plants caused the isopentenyl transferase mRNA to accumulate and increased the level of zeatin 52-fold, zeatin riboside 23-fold, and zeatin riboside 5[prime]-monophosphate twofold. At the control temperature zeatin riboside and zeatin riboside 5[prime]-monophosphate in transgenic plants accumulated to levels 3 and 7 times, respectively, over levels in wild-type plants. This uninduced cytokinin increase affected various aspects of development. In tobacco, these effects included release of axillary buds, reduced stem and leaf area, and an underdeveloped root system. In Arabidopsis, reduction of root growth was also found. However, neither tobacco nor Arabidopsis transgenic plants showed any differences relative to wild-type plants in time of flowering. Unexpectedly, heat induction of cytokinins in transgenic plants produced no changes beyond those seen in the uninduced state. The lack of effect from heat-induced increases could be a result of the transient increases in cytokinin levels, direct or indirect induction of negating factor(s), or lack of a corresponding level of competent cellular factors. Overall, the effects of the increased levels of endogenous cytokinins in non-heat-shocked transgenic plants seemed to be confined to aspects of growth rather than differentiation. Since no alterations in the programmed differentiation pattern were found with increased cytokinin levels, this process may be controlled by components other than absolute cytokinin levels. 相似文献
3.
Anion Selectivity of Slow Anion Channels in the Plasma Membrane of Guard Cells (Large Nitrate Permeability) 总被引:9,自引:3,他引:6 下载免费PDF全文
Closing of stomatal pores in the leaf epidermis of higher plants is mediated by long-term release of potassium and the anions chloride and malate from guard cells and by parallel metabolism of malate. Previous studies have shown that slowly activating anion channels in the plasma membrane of guard cells can provide a major pathway for anion efflux while also controlling K+ efflux during stomatal closing: Anion efflux produces depolarization of the guard cell plasma membrane that drives K+ efflux required for stomatal closing. The patch-clamp technique was applied to Vicia faba guard cells to determine the permeability of physiologically significant anions and halides through slow anion channels to assess the contribution of these anion channels to anion efflux during stomatal closing. Permeability ratio measurements showed that all tested anions were permeable with the selectivity sequence relative to Cl- of NO3- > Br- > F- ~ Cl- ~ I- > malate. Large malate concentrations in the cytosol (150 mM) produced a slow down-regulation of slow anion channel currents. Single anion channel currents were recorded that correlated with whole-cell anion currents. Single slow anion channels confirmed the large permeability ratio for nitrate over chloride ions. Furthermore, single-channel studies support previous indications of multiple conductance states of slow anion channels, suggesting cooperativity among anion channels. Anion conductances showed that slow anion channels can mediate physiological rates of Cl- and initial malate efflux required for mediation of stomatal closure. The large NO3- permeability as well as the significant permeabilities of all anions tested indicates that slow anion channels do not discriminate strongly among anions. Furthermore, these data suggest that slow anion channels can provide an efficient pathway for efflux of physiologically important anions from guard cells and possibly also from other higher plant cells that express slow anion channels. 相似文献
4.
SPA::EcoRI fusion protein was produced by Escherichia coli JM103 carrying the multicopy expression plasmid pMTC48, the multicopy repressor plasmid pRK248, and the multicopy protection plasmid pEcoR4 in a 60-L working volume airlift tower loop reactor on M9 minimal medium with glucose. Cell mass concentration, total cell count, number of colony-forming units, specific growth rate, yield coefficient, and metabolite (acetate, pyruvate, succinate, lactate, ethanol) concentrations were monitored during the growth phase and gene expression. Gene expression was induced by temperature shift or chemically by isopropyl-thiogalactosidase in the airlift tower loop reactor (ALTR) at constant cultivation time and in a small stirred tank reactor at different cultivation times. During induction, the cultivation medium was supplemented with concentrated Luria-Bertani (LB) medium. The intracellular enzyme activity was evaluated as a function of the time after the start of the induction. It was found that the reduction of the glucose concentration and increase of the dissolved oxygen concentration reduced the acetate produced and increased the intracellular enzyme activity. (c) 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 相似文献
5.
6.
7.
8.
Vegetative development in the Arabidopsis shoot apex follows both sequential and repetitive steps. Early in development, the young vegetative meristem is flat and has a rectangular shape with bilateral symmetry. The first pair of leaf primordia is radially symmetrical and is initiated on opposite sides of the meristem. As development proceeds, the meristem changes first to a bilaterally symmetrical trapezoid and then to a radially symmetrical dome. Vegetative development from the domed meristem continues as leaves are initiated in a repetitive manner. Abnormal development of the vegetative shoot apex is described for a number of mutants. The mutants we describe fall into at least three classes: (1) lesions in the shoot apex that do not show an apparent alteration in the shoot apical meristem, (2) lesions in the apical meristem that also (directly or indirectly) alter leaf primordia, and (3) lesions in the apical meristem that alter meristem size and leaf number but not leaf morphology. These mutations provide tools both to genetically analyze vegetative development of the shoot apex and to learn how vegetative development influences floral development. 相似文献
9.
Medford JI 《The Plant cell》1992,4(9):1029-1039
10.
Proton transport by bacteriorhodopsin in planar membranes assembled from air-water interface films 下载免费PDF全文
Bacteriorhodopsin, in known amounts and controlled orientation, is incorporated into planar membrane films. These films are formed by the sequential transfer of two air-water interface films onto a thin, hydrophilic, electrically conductive support cast from nitrocellulose. The films are easily accessible to electrical measurements and to control of the ionic milieu on either side of the membrane. The area of the assembled membrane films can be varied between 2.3 x 10(-2) cm2 and 0.7 cm2. Illumination of these films produces photocurrents, photovoltages, and changes in the pH of the surrounding medium. The peak amplitude of the photocurrent increases linearly with light intensity for dim lights, and it approaches a saturating value for brighter lights. In the linear range, the stoichiometry of transport is 0.65 +/- 0.06 protons/absorbed photon. The rate of transport is linearly proportional to light at all intensities tested. The amplitude and kinetics of the photovoltage measured are accurately predicted by the photocurrent generated and the passive electrical features of the film. Parallel measurements of pH and photocurrent reveal that the light-induced changes in pH are fully accounted for by the rate and amount of charge transport across the membrane. Preceding the transport of protons, a transient photovoltage is detected that exhibits no detectable latency, reaches peak in about 80 microseconds, and probably arises from light-induced intramolecular charge displacements. 相似文献