Parasitism of non-target lepidoptera by mass released Trichogramma brassicae and its implication for the larval parasitoid Lydella thompsoni

The release of high numbers of the eggparasitoid Trichogramma brassicae Bezd.(Hym. Trichogrammatidae) to control theEuropean corn borer (ECB), Ostrinianubilalis Hb. (Lep.: Crambidae) in maize hasraised concerns about potential negativeeffects on native natural enemies. The nativelarval parasitoid Lydella thompsoniHerting (Dipt.: Tachinidae) is the mostfrequent and important ECB parasitoid insouthern Switzerland and can achieve highparasitism rates. Its first generation emergestoo early to find ECB larvae and must rely onalternative hosts living in natural habitatsclose to maize fields. Inundative releases ofT. brassicae coincide with theoviposition period of the alternative hosts ofthe tachinid. T. brassicae moving out ofrelease fields may attack and diminish thepopulation of these hosts, creating abottleneck situation for L. thompsoni inthe subsequent spring. Laboratory hostspecificity tests showed that the tachinid'stwo most abundant spring hosts Archanarageminipuncta Haworth (1809) (Lep.: Noctuidae)and Chilo phragmitellus Hübner (1805)(Lep.: Crambidae) are successfully parasitisedby T. brassicae females in no-choicesituations. Our extensive field surveys,however, showed that the two tested springhosts escape parasitism since their eggs arewell hidden or not attractive. Negativeeffects of inundative releases of T.brassicae on the native tachinid fly L. thompsoni, such as population densityreduction, displacement, or local extinction,are very unlikely.     

ALTERNATIVE HOSTS OF TRICHOGRAMMA DENDROLIMI MATSUMURA IN DIFFERENT HABITATS (HYMENOPTERA: TRICHOGRAMMATIDAE)

Abstract  This paper deals with alternative hosts of an egg parasitoid. Trichogramma dendrolimi Matsumura in three habitats: mixed forest, pure stand and sparse wood. The experiment was conducted in Liuyan County which is located in the eastern part of Hunan Province. The results suggested that there are 103 species of alternative Lepidopteran hosts for T. dendrolimi . There were two critical periods throughout the year when there were no eggs of Dendrolimus punctatus Walker and few eggs of alternative hosts available for ovipsition by the parasitoids.     

Overwintering of the egg parasitoid Trichogramma brassicae in Northern Switzerland

As part of a general risk assessment study weinvestigated the overwintering abilities ofTrichogramma brassicae Bezd. (Hym.: Trichogrammatidae) in Northern Switzerland. Eggs of six host species parasitized by T. brassicae were exposed under outdoor conditions every two weeksbetween 26 September and 7 November 1998. Wefound that T. brassicae is able tooverwinter successfully on six lepidopteranspecies in the families Tortricidae, Noctuidae,Plutellidae, Pyralidae and Crambidae. Between75 and 100% emergence was observed in thefollowing spring for all of the six tested hostspecies exposed on 26 September. On laterexposure dates, spring emergence decreasedsignificantly and no development of T. brassicae offspring occurred from host eggsparasitized on 7 November.Emergence of T. brassicae from eggs ofEphestia kuehniella Zeller parasitized atweekly intervals in autumn 1999 occurred in thesame year until the end of October if the eggswere parasitized by 10 September. All offspringfrom eggs that were parasitized from 17September onwards went into diapause. Springemergence of T. brassicae adults wasobserved between end of April and beginning ofMay both in 1999 and 2000. Fecundity of T.brassicae females that overwintered on E.kuehniella was not significantly different fromthe fecundity of control females that werereared without diapause under optimalconditions at 25 °C. Our resultsdemonstrate that the egg parasitoid T.brassicae is able to overwinter successfullyin Northern Switzerland and has the potentialto establish in Switzerland. As a result,potential non-target effects are not locallyrestricted but may occur on a largegeographical scale.     

米蛾对三种赤眼蜂的适合性及被寄生后卵内游离氨基酸含量的变化

寄生发生前寄生蜂的寄生行为及寄生发生后寄生蜂的生长发育情况能够反映出寄主对寄生蜂的适合性,而寄生蜂对寄主营养物质的吸收和利用是寄生蜂完成发育的生理基础。为了从寄生蜂利用寄主营养能力的角度探讨寄主对不同种赤眼蜂适合性变化的原因,本文观察了以米蛾Corcyra cephalonica Stainton卵为寄主时拟澳洲赤眼蜂Trichogramma confusumViggiani、松毛虫赤眼蜂T. dendrolimi Matsumura和玉米螟赤眼蜂T. ostriniae Pang et Chen的寄生行为及发育和存活情况,测定了被寄生米蛾卵内游离氨基酸的含量 。结果发现,玉米螟赤眼蜂的产卵时间为84.9 s,显著长于拟澳洲赤眼蜂和松毛虫赤眼蜂的产卵时间。拟澳洲赤眼蜂检测寄主所需时间为30.8 s,显著长于玉米螟赤眼蜂和松毛虫赤眼蜂所需时间,但从每寄主卵中羽化出的拟澳洲赤眼蜂数量显著高于松毛虫赤眼蜂及玉米螟赤眼蜂寄生的结果。3种赤眼蜂卵+幼虫的发育历期间不存在显著差异,但卵成虫的发育历期间存在显著差异。玉米螟赤眼蜂幼虫期和预蛹期的死亡率均显著高于拟澳洲赤眼蜂和松毛虫赤眼蜂相应虫期的死亡率。这些结果表明：米蛾卵对松毛虫赤眼蜂及拟澳洲赤眼蜂的适合性高于对玉米螟赤眼蜂的适合性。未被寄生的米蛾卵内游离氨基酸的总量在24～96 h时间段内从开始的2.194 mg/mL逐渐下降到1.565 mg/mL,而被寄生的米蛾卵内游离氨基酸总量均出现先升高后下降的现象。被松毛虫赤眼蜂和拟澳洲赤眼蜂寄生的米蛾卵内游离氨基酸总量在48 h达到最高值,分别为4.239 mg/mL和3.222 mg/mL,被玉米螟赤眼蜂寄生的米蛾在72 h达到最高值,为4 .323 mg/mL,显示同玉米螟赤眼蜂相比,松毛虫赤眼蜂和拟澳洲赤眼蜂能够更快地分解利用寄主营养。这些结果提示,3种赤眼蜂利用米蛾卵内营养物质能力的不同导致了米蛾卵对3种蜂适合性的不同。     

温度对麦蛾卵繁育的玉米螟赤眼蜂发育和生殖的影响

玉米螟赤眼蜂Trichogramma ostriniae Pang et Chen是玉米螟的重要卵寄生性天敌,控制适宜的温度有利于室内大规模繁育。本试验以麦蛾卵为寄主,研究了不同温度(18℃、20℃、23℃、25℃、28℃、30℃、33℃、36℃)对玉米螟赤眼蜂的寿命、生殖力、子代羽化率和发育历期的影响。结果表明,20℃-25℃条件下雌蜂寿命最长,达7.9-9.0 d。在18℃-30℃亲代生殖力和子代羽化率无显著差异,亲代产卵量为40.9-61.7粒;羽化率为74.31%-84.22%。玉米螟赤眼蜂从卵到羽化的发育历期随温度的升高而显著缩短,由18℃时的22.6 d缩短至33℃的7.0 d。36℃时,雌蜂的寿命仅为0.56 d,且不能进行正常的生殖活动。因此,室内用麦蛾卵大规模繁育玉米螟赤眼蜂,适宜的温度为28℃-30℃;仅保存蜂种时,可选用温度18℃-20℃。     

氯虫苯甲酰胺亚致死剂量对螟黄赤眼蜂寄生功能及主要解毒酶活性的影响

为了明确氯虫苯甲酰胺亚致死剂量对螟黄赤眼蜂Trichogramma chilonis Ishii寄生功能及主要解毒酶活性的影响,在实验室条件下观察氯虫苯甲酰胺处理后的螟黄赤眼蜂生长发育和寄生状况,并使用酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）测定了解毒酶活性。结果表明经氯虫苯甲酰胺处理后,螟黄赤眼蜂子代的羽化率从91.59%降至84.49%,发育历期由11.19 d缩短至9.92 d。螟黄赤眼蜂子代寄生卵数和寄生率均有不同程度的降低,其中子代寄生率在26.67%~38.00%。细胞色素P450酶活性和谷胱甘肽S-转移酶的酶活性均显著高于对照,其中细胞色素P450酶活性增加了19.23%,谷胱甘肽S-转移酶活性增加了33.75%。氯虫苯甲酰胺对细胞色素P450和谷胱甘肽转移酶有诱导作用,这两种解毒酶可能参与螟黄赤眼蜂对氯虫苯甲酰胺的代谢解毒。     

赤眼蜂分子鉴定研究进展

赤眼蜂是害虫生物防治中的重要天敌资源.该属种类繁多,已报道有200余种,其蜂种的正确鉴定与选择是影响其田间防效的重要因素.依赖雄成蜂外生殖器形态特征的传统赤眼蜂分类鉴定技术不仅对专业技术要求高、耗时费力,而且无法用于孤雌产雌品系的种类鉴定以及近缘种的区分.分子鉴定技术可以通过选择合适的分子标记,为赤眼蜂鉴定提供准确、便...     

短时极端高温对松毛虫赤眼蜂成虫致死作用及子代适合度的影响

极端高温天气事件在高产作物种植区频繁发生,潜在影响了寄生蜂对害虫的防控能力.为明确短时极端高温对松毛虫赤眼蜂Trichogramma dendrolimi Matsumura成虫致死作用及子代发育适合度的影响,本研究模拟夏季田间最高气温,以42℃高温处理松毛虫赤眼蜂成蜂0.5h和1 h,统计并观测了各处理条件下母代蜂致...     

不同释放密度和高度对稻螟赤眼蜂防控两种水稻螟虫效果的影响

稻螟赤眼蜂Trichogramma japonicum Ashmead是二化螟Chilo suppressalis(Walker)和稻纵卷叶螟Cnaphalocrocis medinalis(Guenée)的优势卵寄生蜂。为优化稻螟赤眼蜂田间释放技术,作者分别在安徽、福建和贵州进行了稻螟赤眼蜂不同释放高度和密度对防控两种水稻螟虫效果影响的田间试验。结果表明,对于防控稻纵卷叶螟,释放量一定时,赤眼蜂在稻株顶部以上5 cm高度、8点/0.07 hm 2释放密度的防治效果优于其他释放密度和高度的处理。而对于防控二化螟,不同释放高度对赤眼蜂防治效果差异不显著。     

安荔赤眼蜂在中国野外首次发现及其体内Wolbachia的检测

【目的】为丰富赤眼蜂Trichogramma的种类资源,明确野外新采集的一种赤眼蜂的种类,探明该赤眼蜂所感染Wolbachia的类型。【方法】采用挂米蛾Corcyra cephalonica卵卡法在华南农业大学树木园诱集到两批赤眼蜂,通过形态鉴定和PCR扩增ITS2序列并测序分析的分子鉴定手段对野外采集的赤眼蜂材料进行种类鉴定;通过PCR扩增Wolbachia的外膜蛋白基因(wsp)序列,检测赤眼蜂体内Wolbachia的感染情况;通过PCR扩增wsp序列和多位点序列分型(multilocus sequence typing, MLST)对检测到的赤眼蜂体内的Wolbachia进行同源性分析。【结果】所诱集到的两批赤眼蜂均被鉴定为安荔赤眼蜂Trichogramma oleae Voegelé & Pointel,体内Wolbachia的感染率达100%。该Wolbachia株系与安荔赤眼蜂(前南斯拉夫品系)、短管赤眼蜂T. pretiosum(乌拉圭品系)以及T. deion(荷兰品系)体内Wolbachia亲缘关系较近,属于B超组Sib亚组,对应MLST序列型为ST486。【结论】安荔赤眼蜂T. oleae为中国野外首次发现,是完全感染Wolbachia的产雌孤雌生殖品系。本研究为害虫生物防治提供了一种新的天敌种类资源,并为进一步探明Wolbachia与赤眼蜂的互作提供了研究材料。