农工共生型生态产业园的构建——以郑州经开区为例

生态产业园已成为我国循环经济建设和可持续发展的重要载体之一,但我国的生态产业园明显存在着产业结构趋同、区域特色不鲜明等问题。提出了农工共生型生态产业园的概念,这是一类以工业园区为核心,集园区周边各类型农业相关企业、合作组织、农民、乡镇及农田为一体的一种"社会-经济-自然"复合区域产业共生体系。农工共生型生态产业园可以实现核心园区与周边腹地的协同发展,可以提升区域整体的生态效率。给出了农工共生型生态产业园的发展模式、建设意义及设计原则。并以农业大省河南省中唯一的国家级经济技术开发区为研究案例,结合当地区域特色及资源优势,构建了由3条产品链及一条服务链所组成的农工共生型产业生态系统。农工共生型生态产业园是产业共生理论在区域层面的具体实现,是复合生态系统理论在产业园层次的创新性应用。     

生态产业共生系统节点稳定性

在当今市场经济形势下,环境保护有着更长远和现实的意义.生产过程的污染物全过程治理已经是最有效的手段之一,如何在市场经济条件下,通过生态产业共生系统的建设,达到经济发展和环境保护双赢是目前的热点,同时也是难点,因为,如何实现市场经济条件下生态产业共生系统的稳定性是核心的关键点.从环境经济学角度出发,以生态产业共生系统的节点稳定性为研究内容,通过节点间相互关联的企业之间的污染物循环利用的关系分析,建立生态产业共生系统中企业之间的节点间污染物循环利用共生经济学模型,在市场经济条件下,基于模型的数学解,通过观察节点处对污染物进行循环利用企业受市场经济影响导致的产品供给变化,研究系统外界市场经济扰动对节点污染物循环利用的供需平衡的影响.研究结果表明,当市场经济条件下,共生系统节点间污染物供给企业的自身的产品价格弹性等于1或小于1时,节点稳定性是有条件的,如果污染物供给企业的自身的产品价格弹性大于1,节点会在稳定点附近周期性振荡,甚至出现混沌现象.结论是市场经济条件下,通过建立生态产业共生系统达到经济发展和环境保护双赢,则必须建立节点间污染物循环利用的市场经济学响应机制,以保障系统的稳定性,真正实现社会、经济和环境的可持续发展.     

线粒体DNA（mtDNA）多态性在动物保护生物学中的应用

本文从两个方面论述了mtDNA在动物保护生物学中的应用：一是对物种进行遗传多样性的检 测与管理,二是进行与种群统计学数据相关的遗传分析。前者与保护的长期效益（如进化） 密切相关,而后者则主要用于指导短期管理措施的制定。同时,本文重点论述了mtDNA在进 化显著单位(ESUs)和管理单位(MUs)的认定方面的作用。认定ESUs的目的是隔离管理遗传多 样性,它是一系列系统进化史独特的种群,这种独特性同时表现在mtDNA和核DNA上;MUs是 种群统计意义上的生殖隔离单位,具有独特的等位基因频率,与系统发生结构和遗传分歧水 平无关。ESUs与MUs都是保护生物学中保护与管理的重要基本单位。     

基于国际经验的我国国家公园遴选探讨

建立科学的遴选方法可以为我国国家公园体系建设提供决策依据。本文通过系统梳理典型国家的国家公园遴选方法,总结国际普遍采用的技术程序和手段,针对我国国情提出了渐进式评价法,采用"全局评价、类型比较"的研究思路开展国家公园建设潜在区域的选择。研究认为,国家公园是我国自然保护地管理体制改革、自然文化资源利用方式转型和优化国土空间利用保护的重要措施,肩负着自然生态保护、资源利用和区域发展的重要作用。国际上国家公园可以划分为地域广阔型、地域限制型和本土特征保护型,3种类型的区别在于分层划分、同级比较和程序复杂性。我国可参考地域广阔型国家的遴选方法,从自然生态系统类型(代表性和重要性)、原真性、生物多样性、自然景观、文化遗产等六大方面进行评价,区分国家公园建设的潜在区域和可建设区域。研究能够为国家公园的科学优选提供理论参考。     

Air temperature and humidity and human comfort index of some city parks of Mexico City

A series of air temperature (Ta) and relative humidity (HR) measurements were carried out in five urban parks and their surroundings in Mexico City. It was found thatTa is lower andRH is higher inside the parks. There were differences (P<0.05) between the parks and surroundings in air temperature, relative humidity, vapour pressure (e), vapour pressure deficit (VPD) and the thermohygrometric human comfort index (THI).Ta differences were more marked during the early afternoon. Maximum differences ofTa, e, andDPV were 5.6°C, 0.6 and 1.2 mbar. There is strong evidence that the magnitude of differences inTa are directly proportional to the surface of urban parks.     

The effectiveness of indigestible markers for identifying individual animal feces and their prevalence of use in North American zoos

Techniques for analyzing hormone metabolites in animal excreta have created many opportunities for noninvasive monitoring of health, reproduction, and welfare in zoo animals, but can be difficult to implement when individual samples are not readily identifiable in animal groups. A common approach to this problem is to feed animals an indigestible marker that subsequently appears in feces, but there has been little systematic research on the use of such “fecal markers.” First, we used an online survey to assess the prevalence of fecal marker use in North American zoological institutions. Second, we conducted a series of experimental tests utilizing commonly employed fecal markers in a variety of typical zoo taxa to determine the: (1) effectiveness of several markers to accurately distinguish samples in a variety of species, (2) minimum quantity of marker needed for detection, and (3) length of time between ingestion and detection in the feces. The majority of the 45 institutions that completed the survey reported using fecal markers with their collections. The survey also revealed that the most frequently used markers are seeds/grains and food colorants, with the former generally used in Carnivora and the latter in Primates. Our experimental data confirmed the success of these taxa/marker combinations and also revealed that food colorants function as markers in a variety of avian, reptilian, and mammalian species. Our data describe successful fecal markers for a wide variety of zoo taxa and should, therefore, be useful for zoological managers and researchers needing to employ fecal markers in future investigations. Zoo Biol 30:379–398, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Protected areas and poverty

Protected areas are controversial because they are so important for conservation and because they distribute fortune and misfortune unevenly. The nature of that distribution, as well as the terrain of protected areas themselves, have been vigorously contested. In particular, the relationship between protected areas and poverty is a long-running debate in academic and policy circles. We review the origins of this debate and chart its key moments. We then outline the continuing flashpoints and ways in which further evaluation studies could improve the evidence base for policy-making and conservation practice.     

Through what mechanisms do protected areas affect environmental and social outcomes?

To develop effective protected area policies, scholars and practitioners must better understand the mechanisms through which protected areas affect social and environmental outcomes. With strong evidence about mechanisms, the key elements of success can be strengthened, and the key elements of failure can be eliminated or repaired. Unfortunately, empirical evidence about these mechanisms is limited, and little guidance for quantifying them exists. This essay assesses what mechanisms have been hypothesized, what empirical evidence exists for their relative contributions and what advances have been made in the past decade for estimating mechanism causal effects from non-experimental data. The essay concludes with a proposed agenda for building an evidence base about protected area mechanisms.