基于地表水与地下水分割校正的漓江流域水供给服务时空格局研究

喀斯特区域水循环过程与其他地区存在显著区别,其水供给服务也具有独特的空间分布特征。然而,目前针对喀斯特地区产水量的时空变化研究较少考虑喀斯特生态系统的特殊性,导致产水量的空间模拟结果存在一定偏差。根据喀斯特地貌形态和地下水补径排泄特征提出了一种产水量分割方法,并基于水量平衡原理建立了地表水与地下水分割校正概念模型。选取喀斯特山区典型区域漓江流域为研究区,通过上述方法校正了InVEST模型产水量模拟结果,从栅格、地貌分区和子流域3个尺度分析了漓江流域2000—2020年产水量校正前与校正后时空分布格局。研究结果表明：(1)漓江流域2000—2020年InVEST模型产水量呈现先减后增再减的趋势,水供给服务空间分布格局为北高南低。产水深度在岩溶区和非岩溶区几乎没有差异,但在岩溶区内部差异明显：裸露型岩溶区产水深度高于覆盖型和埋藏型,峰林平原产水深度高于峰丛洼地。子流域分区平均产水深度排序为漓江上游区>漓江中游区>恭城河区>荔浦河区>漓江下游区。(2)利用地表与地下水分割校正后,水供给服务空间分布格局为四周高于中部,西北部高于东南部。非岩溶区产水深度明显高于岩溶区,埋...     

不同生境银柴胡根内生菌群落特征及其与药材主要有效成分、产量的相关性分析

【背景】银柴胡（Stellaria dichotoma var.lanceolata）具有重要的临床药用价值,其总甾醇和总黄酮含量是评价药材的关键。【目的】探究药用植物银柴胡在不同生境下根内生菌群落特征及其与药材主要成分、产量之间的关系。【方法】采用高通量测序技术和药材常规测定方法,分析了风沙土（semi-fixed aeolian sandy soil,SFA）生境、石砾质土（lithosol,LI）生境和黄绵土（loessal,LO）生境银柴胡根内生菌群落特征及其与药材性状响应关系。【结果】各生境银柴胡内生优势细菌门为放线菌门（Actinobacteriota）和变形菌门（Proteobacteria）,优势真菌门为子囊菌门（Ascomycota）和担子菌门（Basidiomycota）,而内生优势菌属因生境不同各不相同;银柴胡药材主要有效成分总甾醇和总黄酮含量在LI生境中较高,而单株干重和干鲜比在SFA生境中较高。Spearman相关性分析表明,与银柴胡药材有效成分及产量显著正相关的内生菌相对较多。综合比较,内生细菌如metagenome_g__norank_f__67-14和内生真菌如unclassified_p__Ascomycota等更为显著。【结论】与银柴胡药材关键活性成分相关的内生菌群落在种类鉴定和提取、菌种培养和次生代谢物分析等方面具有广阔的研究价值。本研究为银柴胡道地产区药材高质量产业发展提供理论参考。     

喀斯特11种典型生态恢复树种凋落叶分解及其对土壤碳排放的激发效应

旨在探究喀斯特地区退化生态系统植被恢复树种凋落叶分解过程及其对土壤碳排放的激发效应,为选择合适的树种进行植被恢复提供数据支持。以中国林科院热带林业实验中心大青山石山树木园11种适应性强、耐干旱贫瘠的优良石山树种为研究对象,利用¹³C自然丰度法区分凋落叶和土壤来源CO₂并量化土壤激发效应,比较不同生态恢复树种凋落叶分解及其激发效应的差异,探讨凋落物分解及其激发效应与凋落物性状之间的关联。结果表明:(1)11个生态恢复树种凋落叶在碳相关化学性质(水溶性碳、半纤维素和单宁含量等)、养分含量(磷和镁含量等)及化学计量特征(碳磷比和氮磷比)等方面均表现出较高程度变异。(2)不同生态恢复树种凋落叶分解及其诱导的土壤激发效应具有极显著差异(P<0.001);在整个培养实验期间,11个生态恢复树种凋落叶平均分解了35.3%,其中海南椴分解最快,达到50%,而青冈栎分解最慢,仅分解16.5%。(3)总体上看,凋落叶处理的土壤呼吸速率(5.1 mg C kg^-1 土壤 d^-1)是对照土壤呼吸速率(2.3 mg C kg^-1土壤d^-1)的2.2倍,凋落叶添加显著促进土壤有机碳分解,平均达到37.6%;其中海南椴、割舌树和任豆凋落叶输入则抑制土壤有机碳分解(抑制程度分别为-13.2%、-6.9%和-22.5%),产生负激发效应。(4)凋落叶分解与非结构性碳(r=0.63,P=0.04)和水溶性碳(r=0.91,P<0.001)呈显著正相关,与叶干物质含量(r=0.64,P=0.03)、纤维素(r=0.62,P=0.04)和锰含量(r=-0.63,P=0.04)呈显著负相关。多元回归分析结果表明,水溶性碳、钾和钙含量相结合可以解释生态恢复树种凋落叶分解变异的98%;然而,凋落叶性状与土壤激发效应强度之间并没有显著相关性。从土壤养分归还角度考虑,喀斯特退化生态系统恢复树种可以选择光皮梾木、海南椴、顶果木和降香黄檀等凋落叶分解较快的树种,以促进土壤养分循环和植被恢复;另一方面,从土壤碳固持角度来看,海南椴、任豆和割舌树等凋落叶输入会抑制土壤有机碳分解,从而有利于提高退化生态系统土壤碳封存能力。     

邻体竞争对城市森林微景观中针叶树视觉形态性状的影响

树木视觉形态性状是城市绿地微景观美学质量的重要影响因素之一,树木视觉形态性状的变化与其周围邻体木的竞争作用息息相关,但邻体竞争对树木视觉性状的作用机制尚不明确。研究于2022年8-10月对北京市城市公园中常见的针叶树种白皮松、侧柏、油松、圆柏展开调查,从树冠形态、干冠协调、树干形态3个方面构建了9个树木视觉形态性状指标,采用3个不同的竞争指标分析邻体竞争对针叶树种视觉形态性状的影响。结果表明,针叶树的树冠形态对邻体竞争的响应比较敏感,竞争中的白皮松、侧柏、油松、圆柏偏冠指数与孤立木相比分别提高了16.95%、28.95%、22.76%、17.67%;树冠缺失率分别提高了3.92%、6.09%、4.87%、4.95%。与孤立木相比,部分针叶树种高径比、分枝角变异度在多侧竞争环境中显著提高,而树冠舒展度则显著降低。邻体竞争强度越大,针叶树树冠的偏移与缺失程度越大。当针叶树受到强烈的侧方竞争时,对象木树冠和树干的径向生长显著受阻,表现为树冠舒展度大幅度下降、高径比显著提高,使树冠向细高方向发展。当针叶树上方的生长空间被占据时,其轴向生长同样受到严重阻碍,树木的冠径比和高径比维持较稳定状态。总体而言,四种针叶树种在视觉形态上对竞争胁迫的响应具有一定差异性,其中油松最为敏感,圆柏次之。综上,在城市森林微景观中,邻体竞争会导致针叶树种的树冠及树形发生明显变化,这种变化主要受综合资源竞争的影响,与其周围潜在生长空间的大小及对称性有关。在城市森林景观营建时,建议将针叶树栽植在对称的竞争环境中,但是其邻体木不宜过高,通过四周邻体木的适度竞争,能够促进针叶树的轴向生长,同时降低树冠偏移或变形的风险,提高其视觉美学效果。     

城市建成区自生草本植物群落的物种多样性与功能多样性——以深圳市为例

城市自生草本植物的物种多样性和功能多样性直接影响城市生态系统的功能和稳定性,但目前相关研究依然很缺乏。以深圳市为例,基于建成区600个1hm²样地的现场调查数据,分析自生草本植物的群落结构、物种多样性、群落功能特征及功能多样性。结果显示:①调查共记录自生草本植物61科178属273种,其中多年生草本占54.6%,乡土植物占65.6%。②占明显优势的功能特征有中小型叶(91.85%)、草质叶(42.59%)、纸质叶(32.96%)、叶片无毛或近无毛(56.67%)、中等密度绒毛(40.37%)、叶面较粗糙(52.59%)、花期4-6个月(50.78%)、果期4-6个月(49.22%)、干果(86.03%)。③群落类型间功能丰富度FDp、功能离散度Rao二次熵差异极显著(P ＜ 0.01)、功能均匀度FEve差异显著(P ＜ 0.05)。④公园绿地的物种多样性指数明显高于其他三类绿地;不同绿地类型间的功能丰富度和功能离散度在滞尘、降噪、降温增湿及生物多样性保护方面都有极显著差异(P ＜ 0.01),功能均匀度只在滞尘及生物多样性保护方面差异极显著(P ＜ 0.01)。⑤各功能多样性指数均与Margalef指数、Simpson指数及Shannon-Wiener指数呈极显著正相关关系(P ＜ 0.01)。研究结论和方法为维护城市生态系统稳定性、建设生态宜居城市、促进城市可持续发展提供理论依据。     

Selective genotyping to detect quantitative trait loci affecting multiple traits: interval mapping analysis

 Segregating quantitative trait loci can be detected via linkage to genetic markers. By selectively genotyping individuals with extreme phenotypes for the quantitative trait, the power per individual genotyped is increased at the expense of the power per individual phenotyped, but linear-model estimates of the quantitative-locus effect will be biased. The properties of single- and multiple-trait maximum-likelihood estimates of quantitative-loci parameters derived from selectively genotyped samples were investigated using Monte-Carlo simulations of backcross populations. All individuals with trait records were included in the analyses. All quantitative-locus parameters and the residual correlation were unbiasedly estimated by multiple-trait maximum-likelihood methodology. With single-trait maximum-likelihood, unbiased estimates for quantitative-locus effect and location, and the residual variance, were obtained for the trait under selection, but biased estimates were derived for a correlated trait that was analyzed separately. When an effect of the QTL was simulated only on the trait under selection, a “ghost” effect was also found for the correlated trait. Furthermore, if an effect was simulated only for the correlated trait, then the statistical power was less than that obtained with a random sample of equal size. With multiple-trait analyses, the power of quantitative-trait locus detection was always greater with selective genotyping. Received: 23 February 1998 / Accepted: 15 May 1998     

Structure of an early native‐like intermediate of β2‐microglobulin amyloidogenesis

To investigate early intermediates of β2‐microglobulin (β2m) amyloidogenesis, we solved the structure of β2m containing the amyloidogenic Pro32Gly mutation by X‐ray crystallography. One nanobody (Nb24) that efficiently blocks fibril elongation was used as a chaperone to co‐crystallize the Pro32Gly β2m monomer under physiological conditions. The complex of P32G β2m with Nb24 reveals a trans peptide bond at position 32 of this amyloidogenic variant, whereas Pro32 adopts the cis conformation in the wild‐type monomer, indicating that the cis to trans isomerization at Pro32 plays a critical role in the early onset of β2m amyloid formation.     

Photosynthetic productivity of an immature maize crop: changes in quantum yield of CO2 assimilation, conversion efficiency and thylakoid proteins

Abstract. The effect of growth temperatures on quantum yield (φ) was examined for leaves at different stages of development within the immature canopies of two crops of field grown maize ( Zea mays cv. LG11) sown on 3 May and 20 June 1990. During the period of 23 to 49d after sowing, the crop sown on the 3 May experienced temperatures below 10°C on 19 occasions compared with only two for the crop sown on 20 June. A period of severe chilling at the end of May and the beginning of June was associated with a marked reduction in φ for all leaves in the early-sown crop. This chill-induced depression in φ was greater in recently emerged than more mature leaves in the canopy and was found to be accompanied by modifications in the polypeptide profiles of thylakoids isolated from the leaves. During the chilling period, decreases in some polypeptides, notably in the range of 41–42 and 20kDa apparent molecular size, and increases of polypeptides of c. 15–16kDa were observed compared with leaves developing at warmer temperatures in July. The efficiency of converting intercepted radiation into dry matter (conversion efficiency) was 42% lower in the early- than late-sown crop, but no significant relationship between conversion efficiency and quantum yield was found in either treatment.     

多元性状同胞对连锁分析方法及其在原发性高血压基因定位数据中的应用

提出新的以广义最小二乘法原理处理同胞对数据间的相关性,以多元响应回归的方法处理多个性状数据间的相关性的多元性状同胞对连锁分析方法,模型的参数估计使用MCMC方法．并把此模型应用于原发性高血压基因定位的实际数据中．结果表明,与把多元性状拆成单一性状进行分析的方法相比,本文的方法可以提高估计的精度和检验的效能．