生物体内多胺对蛋白质影响的研究进展

多胺是普遍存在于生物体中的一种脂肪族阳离子胺。多胺通过离子键和氢键的形式与生物大分子结合,调节生物大分子的生物学活性,调控细胞的生长和发育。多胺对核酸的作用一直是关注热点,而针对蛋白质的影响目前研究较少。本文主要针对多胺调控代谢相关酶、通道蛋白质和其他功能性蛋白质以及相关规律和机制进行综述,并从蛋白质结构和功能角度探讨了多胺与蛋白质之间的相互作用关系,同时总结了多胺与蛋白质相互作用研究在疾病治疗中的应用前景和面临的问题。     

蛋白质二级结构在线服务器预测评估

蛋白质二级结构的预测,对于研究蛋白质的功能和人类生命科学意义非凡。1951年开始提出预测蛋白质二级结构,1983年对于二级结构的预测只有50%的准确率。经过多年的发展,预测方式不断的改进和完善,到如今准确率已经超过80%。但目前预测在线服务器繁多,连续自动模型评估(CAMEO)也只给出服务器三级结构的预测评估,二级结构评估还未实现。针对上述问题,选取了以下6个服务器:PSRSM、MUFOLD、SPIDER、RAPTORX、JPRED和PSIPRED,对其预测的二级结构进行评估。并且为保证测试集不在训练集内,实验数据选取蛋白质结构数据库(Protein Data Bank,PDB)最新发布的蛋白质。在基于蛋白质同源性30%、50%和70%的实验中,PSRSM取得Q3的准确率分别为91.44%、88.12%和90.17%,比其他预测服务器中最高的MUFOLD分别高出3.19%、1.33%和2.19%,证明在同一类同源性数据中PSRSM比其他服务器有更好的预测效果。除此之外实验也得到其预测的Sov准确度也比其他服务器要高。比较各类服务器的方法与结果,得出今后蛋白质二级结构预测应当重点从大数据、模板和深度学习的角度进行研究。     

Characterization of the molecular properties of KtrC,a second RCK domain that regulates a Ktr channel in Bacillus subtilis

RCK (regulating conductance of K⁺) domains are common regulatory domains that control the activity of eukaryotic and prokaryotic K⁺ channels and transporters. In bacteria these domains play roles in osmoregulation, regulation of turgor and membrane potential and in pH homeostasis. Whole-genome sequencing unveiled RCK gene redundancy, however the biological role of this redundancy is not well understood. In Bacillus subtilis, there are two closely related RCK domain proteins (KtrA and KtrC) that regulate the activity of the Ktr cation channels. KtrA has been well characterized but little is known about KtrC. We have characterized the structural and biochemical proprieties of KtrC and conclude that KtrC binds ATP and ADP, just like KtrA. However, in solution KtrC exist in a dynamic equilibrium between octamers and non-octameric species that is dependent on the bound ligand, with ATP destabilizing the octameric ring relative to ADP. Accordingly, KtrC-ADP crystal structures reveal closed octameric rings similar to those in KtrA, while KtrC-ATP adopts an open assembly with RCK domains forming a super-helix. In addition, both KtrC-ATP and -ADP octamers are stabilized by the signaling molecule cyclic-di-AMP, which binds to KtrC with high affinity. In contrast, c-di-AMP binds with 100-fold lower affinity to KtrA. Despite these differences we show with an E. coli complementation assay that KtrC and KtrA are interchangeable and able to form functional transporters with both KtrB and KtrD. The distinctive properties of KtrC, in particular ligand-dependent assembly/disassembly, suggest that this protein has a specific physiological role that is distinct from KtrA.     

科尔沁沙地刺榆群落的结构特征

对科尔沁沙地刺榆（Hemiptelea davidii）群落的种类组成及其生态类型结构进行了调查.结果表明：研究区刺榆林不存在灌木层;其乔木层可划分为2个亚层,上、下层高度分别为4.05~7.86和2.05~3.20 m;林下共有32种草本植物,隶属13科27属,以禾本科、豆科和菊科为主;研究区有11个植被分布区型,其中,蒙古-东北-兴安-华北分布区型种类最多（34.38%）,其次为东北-华北分布区型（12.5%）.在3个水分生态类型中,中生植物最多,占59.37%,中旱生类型和旱生类型分别占25%和15.63%.在6个生活型中,地面芽植物最多（31.25%）. 刺榆群落具有温带草原的典型生活型特征.     

Genetic analysis of the peatmoss Sphagnum cribrosum (Sphagnaceae) indicates independent origins of an extreme infra‐specific morphology shift

Within Sphagnum cribrosum, a dioicous aquatic peatmoss, a unique morphological variant (the ‘waveform’), found at only two lakes in North Carolina, has a branching architecture that is extremely differentiated from anything otherwise known in Sphagnum, although the plants are microscopically indistinguishable from S. cribrosum. At one site where the two morphologies co‐occur, 60 years of field observations demonstrate the persistence of each morphology, even where the two forms grow intermixed. We conducted a reciprocal transplant experiment in which waveform and normal plants maintained their divergent morphologies for 8 months. We sampled populations throughout the range and conducted genetic and phylogenetic analyses with microsatellite markers and DNA sequences to investigate the genetic context of the waveform morphology within S. cribrosum. Haplotype networks from DNA sequences showed the two waveform populations are separated by 11 substitutions across three loci. Microsatellite analyses using nonparametric clustering and admixture models also indicated genetic dissimilarity between genotypes with waveform morphology at the two lakes. Both molecular datasets suggest that the waveform morphology had at least two independent origins, despite the proximity of the two lakes where it occurs uniquely. Given the clonal nature of the waveform, it is unlikely to form a cohesive evolutionary lineage deserving of taxonomic status. The analysis also revealed a genetically diverse population in Georgia as the potential source of variation found in all other populations of S. cribrosum. © 2012 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2012, 106 , 137–153.     

石杉碱甲结构改造的研究进展

石杉碱甲是高效、高选择性的可逆性乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制剂,是治疗早老性痴呆症的一个有前景的药物.本文概述了石杉碱甲的性质、结构和构效关系,从结构简化、C10、吡啶酮环、脂桥环、环外双键和桥头氨基等方面综述了石杉碱甲结构改造的研究进展,并描述了所得的新型石杉碱甲类似物的抗乙酰胆碱酯酶的生物活性.在已合成的大量的石杉碱甲类似物中,部分类似物的活性优于天然石杉碱甲,石杉碱甲结构改造的研究取得了可喜的进展.     

太湖梅梁湾大型控藻围栏对浮游甲壳动物群落结构的影响

2005年对太湖梅梁湾大型鲢、鳙控藻围栏内外浮游甲壳动物群落结构的季节变化进行了监测.结果表明:围栏内外的环境因子、浮游植物生物量、浮游甲壳动物种类组成无显著差异.但鲢、鳙放养对浮游甲壳动物的生物量产生了较大的影响,围栏内浮游甲壳动物的总生物量和枝角类的生物量显著低于围栏外.总体上,枝角类各种类的生物量受鲢、鳙放养的影响程度大于桡足类的种类.太湖梅梁湾浮游甲壳动物的季节演替明显,大部分种类只是季节性出现.冬季和春季以溞(Daphnia sp.)和近邻剑水蚤(Cyclops vicnus)等大型种类为主,夏季和秋季以象鼻溞(Bosmina sp.)、角突网纹溞(Ceriodaphnia cornuta)和中华窄腹剑水蚤(Limnoithona sinensis)等小型种类为主.典范对应分析表明,透明度、温度和浮游植物的生物量是影响浮游甲壳动物季节变化的主要因素.     

基于高通量测序的黄河三角洲4种人工林土壤细菌结构及多样性研究

为研究黄河三角洲不同人工林土壤细菌群落特征,应用高通量测序技术,比较分析了刺槐、榆树、白蜡、臭椿4种人工林土壤细菌结构及多样性,并结合土壤理化性质进行相关性分析。结果表明:人工林土壤中共有31门细菌;4种人工林土壤中酸杆菌门、变形菌门、放线菌门细菌以及刺槐、臭椿人工林土壤中硝化螺旋菌门细菌是土壤中的优势群落。不同人工林土壤中酸杆菌门、变形菌门、硝化螺旋菌门、芽单胞菌门、拟杆菌门、广古菌门、泉古菌门、蓝藻菌门细菌丰度差异显著。刺槐人工林土壤细菌多样性最高;白蜡人工林土壤细菌多样性最低。土壤pH、含水量、有机质含量与酸杆菌门细菌丰度呈显著负相关关系,土壤pH与变形菌门、硝化螺旋菌门、芽单胞菌门细菌丰度呈极显著正相关关系;土壤pH、有效磷含量与人工林细菌多样性呈显著正相关关系。以上研究结果表明,黄河三角洲不同人工林土壤细菌群落存在一定差异,土壤pH、含水量、有机质、有效磷含量是影响土壤细菌结构和多样性的主要土壤因素。     

黑果枸杞花青素结构差异对其稳定性及细胞抗氧化活性的影响

本文研究了黑果枸杞花青素化合物结构对其稳定性和细胞抗氧化活性的影响。通过半制备型HPLC分离纯化得到了4种黑果枸杞花青素化合物并鉴定结构,利用比色法评价了化合物的稳定性、细胞毒实验以及H₂O₂诱导的SH-SY5Y细胞损伤模型评价了细胞抗氧化活性,并讨论了化学结构对其影响。结果表明反式结构比顺式结构在中性和弱碱性条件下有更好的稳定性,反式结构、糖基的增加以及母核B环上的甲氧基取代均可以通过缩短母核与糖链的分子距离从而提高稳定性,糖基的增加能显著地降低损伤细胞中的乳酸脱氢酶水平,且反式结构较顺式结构更有活性优势。综上所述,黑果枸杞花青素的结构影响稳定性和细胞抗氧化活性,但糖基的增加和酰基的反式异构对二者有更积极的意义。