影响决明无菌苗子叶原生质体分离和培养因素的研究

以决明(Cassia obtusi folia)无菌苗子叶为材料,对酶组合、无菌苗日龄,植物激素组合和培养方法对其原生质体的分离和培养的影响进行了研究。结果表明:用3％的纤维素酶和0.2％Pectinase Y-23的酶组合处理决明无菌苗子叶块8小时可以高效分离出有活力的原生质体;约14日龄的决明无菌苗子叶比较适合于原生质体的分离;适当浓度的2,4-D 有利于原生质体的分离。促进原生质体分裂的理想的植物激素组合为0.4 mg/L 2,4-D,1.0 mg/L NAA and 0.1 mg/L KT;漂浮培养法最有利于原生质体的分裂和发育。找出了适合于决明无菌苗子叶原生质体的分离和培养的酶组合、植物激索组合、有效培养方法和决明无菌苗子叶日龄。这为有效地从决明无菌苗子叶原生质体再生植株奠定了基础。     

甘肃小麦HMW—麦谷蛋白亚基遗传变异分析

对61份冬、春小麦品种的HMW—麦谷蛋白亚基分析,共检测到14种亚基和22种亚基组合,13份材料具有5 10亚基,2份具有2*亚基,2份具有14 15亚基,5份具有17 18亚基,5 10亚基在春小麦中出现的频率较冬小麦中高;品种HMW—麦谷蛋白亚基品质得分在4—12分之间,春小麦平均得分7．6,冬小麦平均得分6．6。结果表明：品种间GLu—1位点遗传变异差异大,亚基种类丰富,但优质亚基分布频率较低,品质评分较低,主要原因是其亲本含有优质亚基的比率太低。可见,丰富优质资源,提高小麦5 10亚基的分布频率是今后小麦品质育种的方向。     

旱地小麦施氮和地膜栽培的氮素效应与淋溶

在陕西长武旱塬进行的试验表明,小麦施用氮肥增产显著。在小麦生育前期持续干旱条件下,地膜覆盖并没有使小麦表现出较好的增产效果。施用氮肥或氮肥与有机肥配施都可能引起NO3^-向深层淋溶,而且氮肥用量越大,淋溶量及深度愈大;施用有机肥NO3^-累积现象减弱。小麦对硝态氮主要吸收深度范围为0～80cm;不同施肥处理对土壤剖面NH4^ 的影响不大。施用氮肥会明显增加小麦吸氮量,但氮肥利用率随其用量增加而降低。试验条件下,低(施氮量为100kg／hm^2)、高(施氮量为150kg／hm^2)两种氮肥用量时的氮肥利用率分别为52％和27％,有机肥氮的利用率为12％。     

春小麦不同发育阶段抗氧化系统对田间缓慢干旱的响应

研究了两种抗旱性不同的春小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)品种定西24(抗旱性较强)和品种8139(抗旱性较弱)不同发育阶段体内抗氧化系统对田间缓慢干旱的响应情况。结果表明,在田间自然干旱条件下,随着土壤水分含量的逐渐降低,两品种小麦叶片水势和含水量均缓慢降低,叶片色素及可溶性蛋白含量也于幼苗期显著降低,植株生长受抑。叶片抗氧化酶系统如SOD、：POD、CAT以及GSH—ASC循环中的两种关键酶APX和GR活性,均在小麦发育前期如幼苗期和拔节期显著升高而于后期下降。主要抗氧化物质ASC含量也表现出相似的变化趋势。虽然抗氧化系统在两春小麦品种不同发育阶段对田间干旱的响应行为大体相同,而且干旱较敏感品种8139各物质对干旱的响应强于干旱较耐受品种定西24,但后者减轻干旱导致的氧化损伤的效率高于前者。试验还表明,在作物的不同发育阶段,抗氧化系统对田间缓慢干旱响应的策略不同,前期如幼苗期和拔节期主要表现为积极应对,后期如抽穗期和灌浆期主要表现为被动忍耐。     

基因枪转化小麦幼胚的再生培养与转基因植株的获得

以小麦幼胚为受体,用基因枪法对Trx-S反义基因 目的基因 和Bar基因 标记基因 进行了共转化,以轰击后的小麦幼胚为实验材料,对幼胚培养的基本培养基、分化和生根培养基进行了筛选优化.结果表明:4种基本培养基中,L3培养基的成愈率最高,且增殖速度快;MS培养基次之.以L3为基本培养基,分化培养基中添加NAA1mg·L-1和ZT2mg·L-1配比对愈伤组织诱导分化的效果最好,分化率达到50%以上.1/2MS培养基中添加IAA0.8mg·L-1的生根效果好,且移栽成活率高.以优化的培养方案对来自7个小麦品种的幼胚进行转化与再生培养,多数品种的出愈率都达到90%以上,分化率在40%以上,并在5个品种上获得再生植株,经检测证实在4个品种上获得转基因再生植株.     

低聚糖诱导小麦抗条锈性及相关酶活性变化的研究

用自行设计的方法从植物细胞壁中得到的低聚糖提取物5号对小麦浸种和苗期喷雾处理,均使接种条锈菌的小麦叶片产生了明显的过敏性坏死反应。对几种与抗病性密切相关的酶活性变化的分析表明,经低聚糖预先处理能显著提高小麦叶片的过氧化物酶(POD)、多酚氧化酶(PPO)和苯丙氨基酸解氨酶(PAL)的活性。     

小麦抗旱种质资源的遗传多样性

在雨养和灌水条件下,田间栽培小麦抗旱材料。根据结实器官建成与物候期、生育期的对应关系,通过供试材料产量构成因素的旱、水表现,分析在各因素形成时期的抗旱性。分别以抗旱系数和抗旱指数作为评价抗旱性的指标,通过聚类分析供试材料的遗传多样性。结果发现有些材料表现为全生育期抗旱,而有些材料只在苗期、拔节期、开花期和灌浆期等一个或几个生育时期表现抗旱;有的材料表现为抗旱高产,但有的材料产量水平较低;同时还发现部分抗旱种质资源在灌水条件下有较大的增产潜力。     

Development of Triticum aestivum-Leymus racemosus translocation lines using gametocidal chromosomes

Maan[1] and Endo[2] et al. first reported that some chromosomes from Ae. longgissima, Ae. sharonensis and Ae. triuncialis showed preferential transmission when introduced into wheat background. The mechanism for this phenomenon rests with the fact that contrary to the normal fertility of gametes with these chromosomes, chromosome structural aberrations occur seriously in the gametes without these chromosomes, causing less compatibility in selective fertilization and resulting in semi-sterilit…     

Production and characterization of a transgenic bread wheat line over-expressing a low-molecular-weight glutenin subunit gene

The end-use properties, and thus the value, of wheat flours are determined to a large extent by the proteins that make up the polymeric network called gluten. Low molecular weight glutenin subunits (LMW-GS) are important components of gluten structure. Their relative amounts and/or the presence of specific components can influence dough visco-elasticity, a property that is correlated with the end-use properties of wheat flour. For these reasons, manipulation of gluten dough strength and elasticity is important. We are pursuing this goal by transforming the bread wheat cultivar Bobwhite with a LMW-GS gene driven by its own promoter. Particle bombardment of immature embryos produced several transgenic lines, one of which over-expressed the LMW-GS transgene. Southern blots confirmed that the transgene was integrated into the wheat genome, although segregation analyses showed that its expression was sometimes poorly transmitted to progeny. We have determined that the transgene-encoded LMW-GS accumulates to very high levels in seeds of this line, and that it is incorporated into the glutenin polymer, nearly doubling its overall amount. However, SDS sedimentation test values were lower from the transgenic material compared to a non transgenic flour. These results suggest that the widely accepted correlation between the amount of the glutenin polymers and flour technological properties might not be valid, depending on the components of the polymer.     

Larger Triticum aestivum plants do not preempt nutrient-rich patches in a glasshouse experiment

Plant competition belowground generally appears to be size-symmetric, i.e. larger plants only obtain a share of belowground resources proportional to their size, and therefore do not suppress smaller individuals. The experimental evidence for size-symmetric belowground competition comes primarily from experiments with homogenous soil conditions. It has been hypothesized that the presence of high nutrient patches that can be pre-empted by larger plants can make competition belowground size-asymmetric. We tested this hypothesis by growing Triticum aestivum individuals singly and in pairs in containers with aboveground dividers so that competition occurred only belowground. Plants grew in either a homogenous soil mixture, or in the same mixture with a band of enriched soil between them. Initial size differences were generated by a seven day difference in sowing date. There was no evidence of size-asymmetric competition with or without soil heterogeneity. Large plants did not have a disproportionate effect on smaller plants, nor did they perform disproportionately better when paired with a small neighbor. Our results suggest that in heterogeneous soil conditions, roots of larger plants that reach nutrient patches first are not able to prevent roots of smaller plants that arrive later from obtaining resources from the patch. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.