基于农业废弃物培育优质蛹虫草的研究

利用农业废弃物甘薯藤及蛹虫草培养基废弃物作为培养基的主要原料进行蛹虫草菌种驯化。蛹虫草子实体培养基中添加不同比例蛹虫草培养基废弃物及甘薯藤粒,通过适宜的培养条件,废弃物中淀粉、蛋白质、糖类、氨基酸等营养物质及蛹虫草胞外酶酶解产生的小分子物质被充分利用,以培育优质蛹虫草子实体。当一级种子中加入蛹虫草培养基废弃物20 g/L和甘薯藤粉10 g/L,二级种中加入蛹虫草培养基废弃物20 g/L、甘薯藤粉10 g/L,使蛹虫草子实体栽培料中蛹虫草培养基废弃物占32%～45%,甘薯藤粒占10%～15%,二者比例为(3～4)：1时,栽培效果最好。本研究蛹虫草培养基替代原料资源丰富易得,并可节约生产用粮,降低原料成本,从而实现农用废弃物再利用,减少环境污染,也符合绿色环保可持续发展的理念。     

环形电极介导的小麦基因转化

用环形电极电激法有效地将外源DNA导入完整的小麦幼胚组织中。电激的物理参数采用770V／cm场强、800μF电容、100μg／mL质粒DNA(含有bar和GUS双标记基因),幼胚被电激3次。经PCR和Southern杂交分析表明,外源基因已稳定整合到小麦基因组中,转化频率为7．5％,高于相同处理条件下基因枪法的转化频率(4．2％)。     

桔梗水浸提液对小麦幼苗的化感作用

采用培养皿滤纸法研究了不同浓度桔梗水浸提液对小麦的幼苗生长及生理生化指标的影响,探讨桔梗植株水浸提液对小麦的化感作用,推测其可能的生理机制。结果表明：桔梗植株水浸提液对小麦幼苗的地上部生长表现为低浓度（≤1mg／mL）促进、高浓度（5—20mg／mL）抑制作用;对根部生长为抑制作用,且抑制强度大于地上部。随处理浓度的升高,小麦幼苗体内POD活性、脯氨酸含量、MDA含量逐渐升高;CAT活性、根系活力、光合色素含量先升高后降低;可溶性蛋白含量和伤害率先降低后升高。桔梗植株水浸提液对小麦总体的化感效应表现为低促高抑,小麦可作为桔梗的轮作作物种植。     

Changes of Chlorophyll Metabolism During the Albinic Stage of a Wheat Mutant

Changes of chlorophyll metabolism during the albinic stage including both degreening and regreening processes were studied. The results indicated that an decrease of Cato content was nor the cause of mutant degreening, and that the mutant belonged to the total Chl-dificient type. The changes of Chlase activity level indicated that Chi breakdown was not the main factor which led to degreen of the mutant. A greater changes of content of intermediates of Chl biosynthesis during the albinic period δ-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) and porphohilinogen (PBG) were accumulated, but uroporphyrin Ⅲ (Uro Ⅲ ), protoporphyrin IX (Proto IX ), Mg-protoporphyrin IX (Mg-Proto IX ) and protochlorophyll (ide) (Pchl (lide)) were decreased. Specialy during the degreening process Uro Ⅲ was gradually decreased, but an initiation of regreening, the Uro Ⅲ was markedly accmulated. It was proved that there was a blockage in Chi biosynthesis in the mutant, which could be somewhere in the formation of uroporphyrinogen Ⅲ (Urogen Ⅲ ).     

Enhanced phytase production from Achromobacter sp. PB‐01 using wheat bran as substrate: Prospective application for animal feed

This article deals with the optimization of the various parameters for production of phytase using Achromobacter sp. PB‐01 in submerged fermentation (SmF). A semisynthetic medium containing ingredients of phytase screening media (PSM) supplemented with 2% (w/v) sucrose, 1% (w/v) peptone, and 10% (w/v) wheat bran was found to be the best production medium among the various combinations tried. Among various surfactants added to SmF, Triton X‐100 (0.1%) exhibited a 16% increase in phytase activity. An overall 11.2 fold enhancement in enzyme activity (0.79 U/mL→8.84 U/mL) was attained when SmF was carried out using 0.5% (v/v) inoculum of a 15 h old culture of Achromobacter sp. PB‐01 at an initial pH of 5.5, temperature 30°C and allowed to grow for 48 h. Presence of accessory hydrolytic enzymes in the crude extract further added value as feed additive by mediating efficient degradation of non‐starch polysaccharides (NSP). In addition, we also investigated the efficacy of phytase on different agro‐industrial residues using in vitro experiments that simulated the conditions of the digestive tract. Results indicate that phytase from our source hydrolyze phytate efficiently with the concomitant liberation of inorganic phosphate, protein, reducing sugar, and calcium. © 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2012     

Aphid Herbivory Drives Asymmetry in Carbon for Nutrient Exchange between Plants and an Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungus

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Intercellular chitinase and peroxidase activities associated with resistance conferred by geneLr35to leaf rust of wheat

The effect of leaf rust (Puccinia triticina) infection on intercellular chitinase (EC 3.2.1.14) and peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.7) activities was studied in resistant [RL 6082 (Thatcher/Lr35)] and susceptible (Thatcher) near isogenic wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) lines at seedling, stem elongation and flag leaf stages of plant growth. The levels of activity of these enzymes were low during the seedling and stem elongation stages. Resistant plants at the flag leaf stage, during which the Lr35 resistance gene was maximally expressed, exhibited high constitutive levels of chitinase and peroxidase activities, in contrast to the lower constitutive levels of susceptible plants. The results suggest that chitinase and peroxidase, constitutively present in the intercellular spaces of Thatcher/Lr35 wheat leaves, may play a role in Lr35 mediated resistance to leaf rust.     

Fertile plants regenerated from suspension culture-derived protoplasts of an indica type rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Calluses were induced from immature embryos of an indica type rice and finely dispersed cell suspension cultures were initiated from the callus using modified AA medium (S₁ medium). The suspension cultures were maintained alternatively (1–2 passages in each medium) in S₁ medium and S₂ medium, the latter containing KNO₃, NH₄NO₃, proline and glutamine as nitrogen source. Protoplasts of high quality were isolated form suspension cells cultured in S₂ medium supplemented with ABA. Embedding the protoplasts in agarose blocks containing NH₄NO₃-free modified KM8P(PM₁) medium and immersing the blocks in NH₄NO₃-containing modified KM8P(PM₃) medium were most effective for obtaining protoplast division and callus formation. The protoplast-derived calluses were precultured in potato extract-aand/or ABA-containing N₆(D₁, D₂ or D₃) media and many embryo-like structures were formed. These structures developed into plantlets after being transferred to N₆ differentiation (D₄) medium. The regenerated plantlets grew into mature plants and beard seeds normally.Abbreviations AA medium amino acids based medium - ABA abscisic acid - BA benzyladenine - 2,4-D 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid - DF division frequency - IAA indoleacetic acid - KIN kinetin - NAA naphthaleneacetic acid - PE planting efficiency     

小麦泛素融合降解蛋白基因的克隆及特征分析

酵母UFD1基因编码的泛素融合降解蛋白是泛素依赖性降解系统或泛素融合降解途径中的一个关键因子.利用RT-PCR技术在小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)中分离到一个UFD1类似基因.该基因的编码区长948 bp,编码长315个氨基酸的多肽,其氨基酸序列与GenBank中登录的一个拟南芥UFD1类似蛋白有74%的同源性.在多肽链的N-端具有在真核生物中高度保守的UFD1结构域.我们将该基因定位在小麦的第六染色体群并将其命名为TUFD1.South-ern杂交和数据库搜索表明植物的UFD1基因是单拷贝或低拷贝的.无论是在单子叶中还是在双子叶植物中,UFD1蛋白都高度同源.除了N端UFD1结构域外,该类蛋白还有3个高度保守的C端结构域.TUFD1基因在小麦幼苗的根、茎、胚芽鞘、叶片以及幼穗和腊熟期子粒中呈组成性表达.     

普通小麦抗倒伏相关性状的全基因组关联分析

解析小麦抗倒伏遗传机制,发掘抗倒伏位点,选育抗倒伏品种,对于保障我国粮食生产安全具有重要意义.周8425B是我国黄淮麦区重要的小麦骨干亲本,农艺性状优良,其衍生品种具有较好的抗倒伏特性.本研究对周8425B及其衍生品种等62份材料的8个抗倒伏相关性状进行评价,并结合50K SNP芯片数据进行全基因组关联分析(GWAS,...