药用两栖动物资源及对辽宁省的调查

目的通过研究论述两栖动物药用价值及辽宁省的资源调查,为资源保护和可持续利用提供依据。方法根据多年来的野外调查,结合已有研究文献进行总结分析。结果辽宁省的药用两栖动物资源丰富,多达11种。11种药用两栖动物占该省所有两栖动物的68.7%,其中东北小鲵、中华蟾蜍、东北林蛙和黑斑蛙的分布广泛、种群数量大,东北林蛙已成为该省主要的野生动物产业。结论两栖动物具有重要的药用价值,是传统中医药的重要组成部分,应加强保护、监测、栖息地恢复和可持续利用管理与研究。     

Genetic Diversity Analysis of Tibetan Wild Barley Using SSR Markers

One hundred and six accessions of wild barley collected from Tibet, China, including 50 entries of the two-rowed wild barley Hordeum vulgare ssp. spontaneum (HS), 29 entries of the six-rowed wild barley Hordeum vulgare ssp. agriocrithon (HA), and 27 entries of the six-rowed wild barley Hordeum vulgare ssp. agriocrithon var. lagunculiforme (HL), were analyzed using 30 SSR markers selected from the seven barley linkage groups for studying genetic diversity and evolutionary relationship of the three subspecies of Tibetan wild barley to cultivated barley in China. Over the 30 genetic loci that were studied, 229 alleles were identified among the 106 accessions, of which 70 were common alleles. H. vulgare ssp. spontaneum possesses about thrice more private alleles (2.83 alleles/locus) than HS (0.93 alleles/locus), whereas almost no private alleles were detected in HL. The genetic diversity among-subspecies is much higher than that within-subspecies. Generally, the genetic diversity among the three subspecies is of the order HS > HL > HA. Phylogenetic analysis of the 106 accessions showed that all the accessions of HS and HA was clustered in their own groups, whereas the 27 accessions of HL were separated into two groups (14 entries with group HS and the rest with group HA). This indicated that HL was an intermediate form between HS and HA. Based on this study and previous works, we suggested that Chinese cultivated barley might evolve from HS via HL to HA.     

典型极小种群野生植物保护与恢复技术研究

极小种群野生植物是急需优先抢救的国家重点保护濒危植物。目前,有关极小种群野生植物濒危原因及相应解濒技术的研究还非常缺乏,已有的植物种群生态学和保护生物学理论对极小种群植物并不完全适用,迫切需要研发有针对性的科学理论和保育技术。介绍了国家重点研发计划项目"典型极小种群野生植物保护与恢复技术研究(2016YFC0503100)"的研究意义、内容、目标及展望。项目拟针对典型极小种群野生植物开展保护与恢复技术的研究,拟构建极小种群野生植物的种群生态学和保护生物学理论体系,研发极小种群野生植物保护和更新复壮的技术体系,并建立相应的应用技术标准和示范基地,为极小种群野生植物的保护与可持续利用奠定坚实的理论基础和技术支撑。     

基于F—2群体的鸡重要生长性状遗传分析

采用F-2设计,以丝羽乌骨鸡(C系)为一亲本,分别与农大褐蛋鸡(B系),及法国明星肉鸡(A系)进行正反交,产生了包含A×C,C×A;B×C,C×B4个杂交组合的F2代群体,建立了可用于定位产肉及产蛋等性状QTL的资源群体.基于这一F-2群体,对体重及日增重等性状表型值进行分析,结果显示,亲本间均值差异显著,分离群体变异大,这组性状间有中等或较高的相关,各性状潜在的QTL座位数不超过10,所建资源家系能够满足QTL定位所需的样本数量,达到了预期的效果.     

植物无融合生殖研究新进展

无融合生殖是指不经过雌雄配子融合而产生种子的一种特殊生殖方式,能使基因型的杂合性得以保持,从而可以固定杂种优势,对作物育种具有极其重要的意义。目前大量的研究都在设法将无融合生殖作为一种重要的植物育种手段。本文对近几年来无融合生殖新种质资源的发现、主要研究方法、遗传机制和相关基因等方面的最新进展作了介绍,并对无融合生殖研究中存在的问题和发展前景作了讨论。     

38个榛种质资源叶功能性状与光合特征变异及其相关性

研究了38个榛种质资源叶功能性状与光合特征参数的变异特征及其相关关系,为优良种质资源的选择以及进一步理解叶功能性状对光合特征的影响机制提供科学依据。结果表明:38个种质资源的叶面积(LA)、叶形指数(LI)、叶干重(LDW)、比叶面积(SLA)和叶干物质含量(LDMC)平均值分别为78.39 cm²、1.24、0.73 g、109.95 cm²·g^-1和38.31%,LDW变异最大,其次为LA和SLA,LI和LDMC变异最小;净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(gs)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)、气孔限制值(Ls)和水分利用效率(WUE)平均值分别为9.92μmol·m^-2·s^-1、3.88 mmol·m^-2·s^-1、153.04μmol·m^-2·s^-1、238.73μmol·mol^-1、0.41和2.54μmol·mmol-1,gs变异最大(27.89%),Pn、Ci、Ls和WUE次之(10.37%~15.14%),Tr最小(9.99%)。不同种质资源叶功能性状与光合特征参数之间均存在极显著差异。Pearson相关分析表明:Pn与LA、LDW、LDMC均呈显著正相关,与SLA则呈显著负相关;Tr与LA呈显著正相关;gs和Ci与LDMC分别呈显著负相关和正相关;WUE与LDW、LDMC均呈显著正相关,与SLA则呈显著负相关。冗余分析表明:第1、2排序轴共同解释了叶片光合特征总变异的88.6%,其中,对光合特征产生显著影响的叶功能性状因子为SLA和LDMC。平欧210号、F-03、平欧11号、平欧88号、平欧119号、85-162、平欧48号、玉坠、平欧110号表现出较高的水分和光能利用效率。     

Experimental measurement of resource competition between planktonic microalgae and macroalgae (seaweeds) in mesocosms simulating the San Francisco Bay-Estuary,California

Planktonic algae are not abundant in the brackish waters of San Francisco Bay-estuary (mean chlorophyll a 5 µg 1^–1), despite the high level of nutrients usually present due to the input of treated sewage from 3 million people. Macroalgae (seaweeds) are sometimes locally abundant in the Bay. Phytoplankton are abundant (chlorophyll a > 50 µg 1^–1) and seaweeds uncommon in the almost freshwater Delta and upper estuary despite lower nutrient levels. Direct competition between these algal groups could explain the observed distributions.Given the size of the algae, large containers were needed for the determination of possible resource competition. Experiments were carried out in flow-through mesocosms (analog tanks) of 3 m³ volume. The macroalgae Ulva lactuca or Gigartina exasperata and a diatom-dominated phytoplankton, all from San Francisco Bay, were grown separately and together and with and without treated sewage effluent or other artificial nutrient additions. When grown alone phytoplankton and macroalgae were greatly stimulated by wastewater addition to unmodified baywater. The phytoplankton grew much more slowly in the presence of natural densities of Ulva. Allelochemical effects were tested for but not demonstrated.Resource competition for inorganic nitrogen was determined to be the probable cause of the depression of phytoplankton by Ulva. At its rapid growth rates in the flow-through mesocosms (up to 14% day^–1) this macroalga can reduce inorganic nitrogen to low levels. Ulva has a greater affinity (lower KS) for nitrogen than do some of the plankton of the Bay. Ulva may outcompete phytoplankton by reducing nitrogen to levels below those capable of supporting phytoplankton growth. Other macroalgae such as Gigartina and Enteromorpha need to be studied to determine if they also can depress phytoplankton growth by resource competition.     

从野皂荚提胶后的副产物中制备分离蛋白

采用碱提酸沉法从野皂荚提胶后的副产物中制备分离蛋白,研究了制备工艺条件对分离蛋白得率的影响。结果表明:当料液比1∶10~1∶12(m/V)、提取液pH8.0~9.0、浸提温度45~50℃、浸提两次、每次浸提45 m in时,分离蛋白得率可达78.45%。研究结果可为野皂荚提胶副产物中蛋白的综合利用奠定了基础。     

Pathogenic mutations in the hydrophobic core of the human prion protein can promote structural instability and misfolding

Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies, or prion diseases, are caused by misfolding and aggregation of the prion protein PrP. These diseases can be hereditary in humans and four of the many disease-associated missense mutants of PrP are in the hydrophobic core: V180I, F198S, V203I and V210I. The T183A mutation is related to the hydrophobic core mutants as it is close to the hydrophobic core and known to cause instability. We used extensive molecular dynamics simulations of these five PrP mutants to compare their dynamics and conformations to those of the wild type PrP. The simulations highlight the changes that occur upon introduction of mutations and help to rationalize experimental findings. Changes can occur around the mutation site, but they can also be propagated over long distances. In particular, the F198S and T183A mutations lead to increased flexibility in parts of the structure that are normally stable, and the short β-sheet moves away from the rest of the protein. Mutations V180I, V210I and, to a lesser extent, V203I cause changes similar to those observed upon lowering the pH, which has been linked to misfolding. Early misfolding is observed in one V180I simulation. Overall, mutations in the hydrophobic core have a significant effect on the dynamics and stability of PrP, including the propensity to misfold, which helps to explain their role in the development of familial prion diseases.