拮抗菌群对烟草野火病的防治效果及叶际微生物群落多样性的影响

[背景]烟草野火病(Tobacco Wild Fire)是烟草上的主要病害之一,利用拮抗菌防治烟草野火病是具有较好前景的防治手段.[目的]分析烟草叶际微生物群落结构组成和多样性,阐释拮抗菌群施用对烟草野火病的防治效果及对叶际微生物群落的影响.[方法]在烟草上施用3种拮抗菌群,采用16S rRNA基因高通量测序及生物信息...     

葡萄生长季内需水特征

为了定量评估我国鲜食葡萄主产区降水量对葡萄生长发育过程需水量的满足程度,本研究基于研究区域内(东北地区的吉林和辽宁,华北地区的山西和河北,西北地区的甘肃、宁夏和陕西,西南地区的四川、贵州和云南以及东南地区的江苏、山东、浙江、安徽、福建、河南、湖北、湖南和广西)1981—2016年429个气象站逐日气象数据,分析葡萄不同生育阶段降水量、需水量和水分亏缺量时空分布特征。结果表明: 研究期间,葡萄各生育阶段降水量整体由北向南、由西向东增加;萌芽-开花阶段的降水量最少且呈下降趋势,成熟-落叶阶段也呈下降趋势,开花-着色和着色-成熟阶段呈上升趋势。研究区各生育阶段的葡萄需水量均呈上升趋势,新疆和甘肃省北部的葡萄需水量最高。新疆、甘肃省北部、宁夏、陕西省北部、山西省北部、河北省、辽宁省西部和吉林省西部各生育阶段以及云南省北部、四川省南部萌芽-开花生育阶段的降水量无法满足葡萄需水量,其他地区,特别是我国东南和西南部部分地区水分盈余明显;萌芽-开花和成熟-落叶阶段的葡萄水分亏缺量呈上升趋势,开花-着色和着色-成熟阶段呈下降趋势。     

福建九阜山野生果树资源及其开发利用

调查发现,福建尤溪九阜山省级自然保护区野生果树资源有31科41属85种7变种。种类最多的科是蔷薇科,有5属18种1变种,占总种数的20.7%;种类最多的属是悬钩子属,有11种,占总种数的12.0%;6种以上的大科有蔷薇科、壳斗科、桑科、葡萄科4科,共50种,占总种数的54.3%。开发潜力较大的种类主要有枳椇、南酸枣、乌饭树、构树、胡颓子、多花山竹子、金樱子、地菍、三叶木通和壳斗科栲属、蔷微科悬钩子属、葡萄科等种类。文中列出所有92种(含变种)野生果树的学名、性状、果期、果实用途及适生生境,并提出保护与开发利用建议。     

宁夏野生食用植物资源的调查与信息数据库的建立

通过野外调查与室内工作相结合,对宁夏野生食用植物资源进行调查与统计,建立宁夏野生食用植物资源数据库,并提出了宁夏野生食用植物资源开发和利用存在的问题。结果初步调查到宁夏野生食用资源植物共计74科186属348种10类,其中饮料及野果类植物与野菜植物具有一定的开发潜力,应该在这些野生食用资源植物中进行进一步的筛选,最终主要集中于人工驯化与栽培上。此外针对宁夏野生食用植物资源开发和利用面临的问题,需加强对宁夏野生食用植物资源状况的调查,并进行深入的研究,在前面所做的基础研究上,筛选特色的野生食用资源植物进行合理的开发和利用,之后对筛选出的野生食用资源植物进行人工栽培等工作,在土地可持续利用的前提下,研究野生食用资源植物与其他栽培作物间作的模式,同时在发展过程中通过收集珍贵濒危野生植物资源植物的种质资源,而对其加以保护。     

新疆苹果黑星病菌野生型菌株对腈菌唑的敏感性基线

为建立苹果黑星菌对腈菌唑的敏感性基线,对田间苹果黑星菌的抗药性监测和病害防治提供科学指导,选用从新疆长期未施任何化学农药的废弃果园中采集分离的37个苹果黑星菌野生型菌株,采用分生孢子萌发法和菌丝生长速率法进行不同浓度梯度杀菌剂腈菌唑(myclobutanil)的敏感性测定.结果表明:苹果黑星菌对腈菌唑的敏感性分布范围为...     

Trends in the state of nature and their implications for human well-being

Two major international initiatives - the Convention on Biological Diversity's target to reduce the rate of biodiversity loss by 2010, and the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment - raise the profile of ecological data on the changing state of nature and its implications for human well-being. This paper is intended to provide a broad overview of current knowledge of these issues. Information on changes in the status of species, size of populations, and extent and condition of habitats is patchy, with little data available for many of the taxa, regions and habitats of greatest importance to the delivery of ecosystem services. However, what we do know strongly suggests that, while exceptions exist, the changes currently underway are for the most part negative, anthropogenic in origin, ominously large and accelerating. The impacts of these changes on human society are idiosyncratic and patchily understood, but for the most part also appear to be negative and substantial. Forecasting future changes is limited by our poor understanding of the cascading impacts of change within communities, of threshold effects, of interactions between the drivers of change, and of linkages between the state of nature and human well-being. In assessing future science needs, we not only see a strong role for ecological data and theory, but also believe that much closer collaboration with social and earth system scientists is essential if ecology is to have a strong bearing on policy makers.     

野生扁穗牛鞭草无性系构件组成及生物量结构变异性

对60份野生扁穗牛鞭草的无性系种群构件数量、质量性状及生物量结构进行比较分析,结果说明：不同种群构件性状与数量呈现出变异性,叶长、叶宽、单蘖叶片数、无性系叶片数的变异系数分别为24．95％、20．00％、14．12％、43．56％;茎直径、节直径、节间长、单蘖节数、直立茎长度、匍匐茎长度、直立茎数、匍匐茎数的变异系数分别为21．11％、22．42％、20．10％、12．14％、46．73％、20．14％、72．76％、37．97％;根系深度、根系分布范围、分蘖面积的变异系数分别为19．81％、37．65％、33．68％;花序长、花序宽、花序厚、单蘖花序数、直立茎生殖蘖比例、匍匐茎生殖蘖比例的变异系数分别为13．33％、13．42％、14．80％、36.10％、118．96％、81．44％。不同种群构件生物量结构变异性丰富,叶生物量、茎生物量、根生物量、花序生物量变异系数分别为78．51％、91．66％、45．64％、192．24％;构件的数量差异高于性状差异,无性系种群差异主要体现在分蘖能力与空间拓展能力上。野生资源生态型变异性和对环境的适应性,为优异性状选择、品种选育、资源开发利用提供了丰富的物质基础。     

Gene flow from cultivated rice (Oryza sativa) to its weedy and wild relatives

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Transgene escape through gene flow from genetically modified (GM) crops to their wild relative species may potentially cause environmental biosafety problems. The aim of this study was to assess the extent of gene flow between cultivated rice and two of its close relatives under field conditions. METHODS: Experiments were conducted at two sites in Korea and China to determine gene flow from cultivated rice (Oryza sativa L.) to weedy rice (O. sativa f. spontanea) and common wild rice (O. rufipogon Griff.), respectively, under special field conditions mimicking the natural occurrence of the wild relatives in Asia. Herbicide resistance (bar) and SSR molecular finger printing were used as markers to accurately determine gene flow frequencies from cultivated rice varieties to their wild relatives. KEY RESULTS: Gene flow frequency from cultivated rice was detected as between approx. 0.011 and 0.046 % to weedy rice and between approx. 1.21 and 2.19 % to wild rice under the field conditions. CONCLUSIONS: Gene flow occurs with a noticeable frequency from cultivated rice to its weedy and wild relatives, and this might cause potential ecological consequences. It is recommended that isolation zones should be established with sufficient distances between GM rice varieties and wild rice populations to avoid potential outcrosses. Also, GM rice should not be released when it has inserted genes that can significantly enhance the ecological fitness of weedy rice in regions where weedy rice is already abundant and causing great problems.