浙江省葡萄属野生葡萄资源调查与开发利用研究

浙江是中国野生葡萄属资源分布较广泛、种类较多的地区之一,但对野生葡萄属资源的深入研究和合理开发利用不多。我们在野外调查和民间走访的基础上,结合查询文献资料,分析浙江境内野生葡萄资源的特点,并提出野生葡萄资源创新利用的思路。     

Environmental DNA analysis shows high potential as a tool for estimating intraspecific genetic diversity in a wild fish population

Environmental DNA (eDNA) analysis has recently been used as a new tool for estimating intraspecific diversity. However, whether known haplotypes contained in a sample can be detected correctly using eDNA‐based methods has been examined only by an aquarium experiment. Here, we tested whether the haplotypes of Ayu fish (Plecoglossus altivelis altivelis) detected in a capture survey could also be detected from an eDNA sample derived from the field that contained various haplotypes with low concentrations and foreign substances. A water sample and Ayu specimens collected from a river on the same day were analysed by eDNA analysis and Sanger sequencing, respectively. The 10 L water sample was divided into 20 filters for each of which 15 PCR replications were performed. After high‐throughput sequencing, denoising was performed using two of the most widely used denoising packages, unoise3 and dada2 . Of the 42 haplotypes obtained from the Sanger sequencing of 96 specimens, 38 (unoise3 ) and 41 (dada2 ) haplotypes were detected by eDNA analysis. When dada2 was used, except for one haplotype, haplotypes owned by at least two specimens were detected from all the filter replications. Accordingly, although it is important to note that eDNA‐based method has some limitations and some risk of false positive and false negative, this study showed that the eDNA analysis for evaluating intraspecific genetic diversity provides comparable results for large‐scale capture‐based conventional methods. Our results suggest that eDNA‐based methods could become a more efficient survey method for investigating intraspecific genetic diversity in the field.     

Single and combined effects of Drosophila suzukii and Drosophila melanogaster on sour rot development in viticulture

Sour rot is a disease complex that causes serious damage in viticulture. The common vinegar fly Drosophila melanogaster (Diptera: Drosophilidae) is associated with sour rot in overripe or otherwise damaged grapes. Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae) is an invasive species, which is suspected to induce sour rot in previously undamaged grapes due to the flies' ability to infest healthy, undamaged soft fruits with its serrated ovipositor. As a consequence, infection of healthy grapes by D. suzukii may facilitate the colonization by D. melanogaster. We investigated the single and combined effects of D. suzukii and D. melanogaster on sour rot development by measuring volatile acidity under near-natural conditions in the vineyard, along with laboratory experiments under controlled climate. In 2017, the combined field and laboratory experiments suggested that the presence of D. suzukii and D. melanogaster increased the volatile acidity levels at a similar rate. In 2018, the field experiments showed an only marginal increase in sour rot development in treatments with both Drosophila species. Under more favourable laboratory conditions, the presence of D. suzukii, but not D. melanogaster triggered sour rot emergence. A facilitating effect of D. suzukii infestation for D. melanogaster was not detectable. These findings suggest that D. suzukii does in fact have the potential to trigger sour rot, but will probably rarely do so under field conditions in the vineyard, at least in the studied region. Instead, our study showed that D. melanogaster can have a similar impact on sour rot development as D. suzukii, emphasizing the need of comparative studies.     

Variation in phosphorus and sulfur content shapes the genetic architecture and phenotypic associations within the wheat grain ionome

Dissection of the genetic basis of wheat ionome is crucial for understanding the physiological and biochemical processes underlying mineral accumulation in seeds, as well as for efficient crop breeding. Most of the elements essential for plants are metals stored in seeds as chelate complexes with phytic acid or sulfur‐containing compounds. We assume that the involvement of phosphorus and sulfur in metal chelation is the reason for strong phenotypic correlations within ionome. Adjustment of element concentrations for the effect of variation in phosphorus and sulfur seed content resulted in drastic change of phenotypic correlations between the elements. The genetic architecture of wheat grain ionome was characterized by quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis using a cross between durum and wild emmer wheat. QTL analysis of the adjusted traits and two‐trait analysis of the initial traits paired with either P or S considerably improved QTL detection power and accuracy, resulting in the identification of 105 QTLs and 617 QTL effects for 11 elements. Candidate gene search revealed some potential functional associations between QTLs and corresponding genes within their intervals. Thus, we have shown that accounting for variation in P and S is crucial for understanding of the physiological and genetic regulation of mineral composition of wheat grain ionome and can be implemented for other plants.     

赤霞珠葡萄果实苹果酸生物合成关键转录因子的筛选与鉴定

该研究以宁夏贺兰山东麓酿酒葡萄种植区栽培面积最大的‘赤霞珠’为材料,在前期完成从果实形成至成熟不同发育时期的转录组测序以及关键有机酸含量测定基础上,进一步通过转录因子结合位点预测、差异表达基因分析、加权基因共表达网络关联分析(WGCNA),逐步筛选出与‘赤霞珠’果实苹果酸生物合成相关功能基因特异结合的、影响苹果酸生物合成的相应转录因子,并对其进行qRT PCR验证,以揭示这些关键功能基因及其关键转录因子在葡萄不同种植区、果实不同发育时期存在的相互调控作用机制,为以后培育优质酿酒葡萄提供新的理论依据与思路。结果表明：(1)GC/MS分析发现, ‘赤霞珠’果实在4个发育时期的延胡索酸和苹果酸含量变化趋势基本一致,两种酸含量均从果实硬果期到绿果期逐步升至最高(3.63和626.53 μg/g),之后缓慢下降,经转色期到成熟期后逐渐降至最低(2.14和244.26 μg/g),而草酰乙酸的变化趋势却相反,在硬果期含量最高(315.54 μg/g),经绿果期、转色期到成熟期逐渐降至最低值(126.11 μg/g)。(2)‘赤霞珠’果实发育时期样本转录组测序共获得可能与苹果酸生物合成途径12种功能基因结合的转录因子6 411个,其中延胡索酸水化酶(FH)的3个功能基因有86个转录因子,苹果酸脱氢酶(MDH)的10个功能基因有717个转录因子。(3)转录组测序数据及其与有机酸含量WGCNA关联结果的Veen分析确定了‘赤霞珠’果实成熟过程中与苹果酸生物合成相关度最高的3个FH基因(VIT_14s0060g01700、VIT_13s0019g03330、VIT_07s0005g00880)、2个MDH基因(VIT_10s0003g01000、VIT_13s0019g05250)及相应的18个关键转录因子。(4)qRT PCR验证及相关性分析表明, FH基因VIT_13s0019g03330与其转录因子VIT_01s0011g06200、VIT_08s0056g01230以及MDH基因VIT_13s0019g05250与其转录因子VIT_06s0004g04960、VIT_10s0003g02070的表达水平与苹果酸的积累存在显著正相关关系,推测这4个关键转录因子可能通过调控功能基因的转录,综合影响‘赤霞珠’果实苹果酸的生物合成。     

转基因植物与近缘种之间基因流的研究进展

随着转基因植物的大面积种植,转基因植物的生态风险受到广泛关注,其中主要的风险是转基因植物与近缘物种之间的基因流及其影响。本文综述了目前商业化种植的转基因作物油菜、棉花、玉米和大豆,以及未商业化种植的水稻、小麦的基因流研究进展;分析了不同转基因作物与其近缘种之间发生基因流的频率和最远发生距离;介绍了降低基因流发生的方法。基因流频率受物种亲缘关系、花期重叠时间、风速风向等因素的影响,最远发生距离受气候条件、传粉媒介、地理条件等因素的影响。转基因作物与其近缘种之间的基因流频率与距花粉源的距离呈负相关关系(y=-0.59x-0.46,R²=0.25,P<0.01),亲缘关系近的基因流频率高。为了降低转基因植物与其近缘物种之间的基因流风险,建议采取“分区管理”的策略,并加强基因流发生之后的生态风险评价研究。     

不同郁闭度对野外回归的梓叶槭幼树形态和生理特征的影响

濒危植物野外回归是扩大极小种群野生植物种群的有效途径。适宜的回归生境是物种生长的必要条件, 研究植物的生理生态特征对不同野外回归生境的适应性, 是科学评价濒危物种种群回归生境适宜性的关键指标。本文以野外回归的极小种群野生植物梓叶槭(Acer catalpifolium)为研究对象, 探讨了无遮荫、林缘、林隙以及林下(郁闭度由小到大) 4种不同光照条件对梓叶槭幼树的形态特征、光合特征、类黄酮指数及叶绿素含量等的影响。结果表明: (1)随着郁闭度的增大, 梓叶槭幼树的基径、冠幅以及新生枝条数量产生差异, 均呈现先增大后减小的趋势; (2)在林缘生境中, 梓叶槭幼树的单叶面积及单叶质量均最大, 比叶面积随着郁闭度的增大而增大; (3)随着郁闭度的增大, 梓叶槭叶片胞间CO₂浓度、蒸腾速率及气孔导度均呈现先减小后增大的趋势, 叶绿素含量呈现上升趋势, 类黄酮指数则呈现先增大后减小的趋势。综上可知, 林缘适宜的光照条件更适合梓叶槭野外回归。这一结果可为梓叶槭以及其他极小种群野生植物的回归生境适宜性的探索研究提供借鉴。     

Effects of captivity,diet, and relocation on the gut bacterial communities of white‐footed mice

Microbes can have important impacts on their host's survival. Captive breeding programs for endangered species include periods of captivity that can ultimately have an impact on reintroduction success. No study to date has investigated the impacts of captive diet on the gut microbiota during the relocation process of generalist species. This study simulated a captive breeding program with white‐footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus) to describe the variability in gut microbial community structure and composition during captivity and relocation in their natural habitat, and compared it to wild individuals. Mice born in captivity were fed two different diets, a control with dry standardized pellets and a treatment with nonprocessed components that reflect a version of their wild diet that could be provided in captivity. The mice from the two groups were then relocated to their natural habitat. Relocated mice that had the treatment diet had more phylotypes in common with the wild‐host microbiota than mice under the control diet or mice kept in captivity. These results have broad implications for our understanding of microbial community dynamics and the effects of captivity on reintroduced animals, including the potential impact on the survival of endangered species. This study demonstrates that ex situ conservation actions should consider a more holistic perspective of an animal's biology including its microbes.     

Evolutionary origins of taro (Colocasia esculenta) in Southeast Asia

As an ancient clonal root and leaf crop, taro (Colocasia esculenta, Araceae) is highly polymorphic with uncertain genetic and geographic origins. We explored chloroplast DNA diversity in cultivated and wild taros, and closely related wild taxa, and found cultivated taro to be polyphyletic, with tropical and temperate clades that appear to originate in Southeast Asia sensu lato. A third clade was found exclusively in wild populations from Southeast Asia to Australia and Papua New Guinea. Our findings do not support the hypothesis of taro domestication in Papua New Guinea, despite archaeological evidence for early use or cultivation there, and the presence of apparently natural wild populations in the region (Australia and Papua New Guinea).     

Environmentally induced phenotypic plasticity and DNA methylation changes in a wild potato growing in two contrasting Andean experimental gardens

DNA methylation can be environmentally modulated and plays a role in phenotypic plasticity. To understand the role of environmentally induced epigenetic variation and its dynamics in natural populations and ecosystems, it is relevant to place studies in a real-world context. Our experimental model is the wild potato Solanum kurtzianum, a close relative of the cultivated potato S. tuberosum. It was evaluated in its natural habitat, an arid Andean region in Argentina characterised by spatial and temporal environmental fluctuations. The dynamics of phenotypic and epigenetic variability (with Methyl Sensitive Amplified Polymorphism markers, MSAP) were assayed in three genotypes across three growing seasons. These genotypes were cultivated permanently and also reciprocally transplanted between experimental gardens (EG) differing in ca. 1000 m of altitude. In two seasons, the genotypes presented differential methylation patterns associated to the EG. In the reciprocal transplants, a rapid epigenomic remodelling occurred according to the growing season. Phenotypic plasticity, both spatial (between EGs within season) and temporal (between seasons), was detected. The epigenetic and phenotypic variability was positively correlated. The lack of an evident mitotic epigenetic memory would be a common response to short-term environmental fluctuations. Thus, the environmentally induced phenotypic and epigenetic variation could contribute to populations persistence through time. These results have implications for understanding the great ecological diversity of wild potatoes.