Opportunistic Predation of Wild Turkey Nests by Wild Pigs

Wild pigs (Sus scrofa; i.e., feral hogs, feral swine) are considered an invasive species in the United States. Where they occur, they damage agricultural crops and wildlife habitat. Wild pigs also depredate native wildlife, particularly ground-nesting bird species during nesting season. In areas inhabited by wild turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo), nest destruction caused by wild pigs may affect recruitment. There is debate whether wild pigs actively seek ground-nesting bird nests or depredate them opportunistically. To address this debate, in 2016 we examined the movements of wild pigs relative to artificial wild turkey nests (i.e., control [no artificial nests], moderate density [12.5–25 nests/km²], and high density [25–50 nests/km²]) throughout the nesting season (i.e., early, peak, and late) in south-central Texas, USA. We found no evidence that wild pigs learned to seek and depredate wild turkey nests relative to nest density or nesting periods. Despite wild pigs being important nest predators, depredation was not a functional response to a pulsed food resource and can only be associated with overlapping densities of wild pigs and nests. Protecting reproductive success of wild turkeys will require reducing wild pig densities in nesting habitat prior to nesting season. © 2019 The Wildlife Society.     

Diet and Prey Selection of Dholes in Evergreen and Deciduous Forests of Southeast Asia

Endangered dholes (Cuon alpinus) are restricted to small and declining populations in Southeast Asia, and little is known about how their ecology differs within the region. We used DNA-confirmed scats and prey surveys to determine the seasonal diet and prey selection of dholes in 2 different landscapes that dominate Southeast Asia: closed evergreen forests in hilly terrain in northern Laos, and open deciduous forests in relatively flat terrain in eastern Cambodia. On both sites, muntjac (Muntiacus spp.; 20–28 kg) was the dominant prey item and was selectively consumed over other ungulates in all seasons. Our findings differ from previous conclusions, based largely on studies from India, that the preferred prey weight range of dholes was either 40–60 kg or 130–190 kg. Other important prey were sambar (Rusa unicolor) in Laos, and wild pig (Sus scrofa) and banteng (Bos javanicus) in Cambodia. Seasonal differences in overall diet occurred in Laos, but not Cambodia, primarily because of an increase in livestock consumption. The mean number of dhole scats in group defecation sites was higher in Cambodia (5.9 ± 0.5 [SE]) than Laos (2.4 ± 0.2), suggesting pack sizes were larger in Cambodia. Our results suggest that regardless of land cover type, prey diversity, or pack size, the management of muntjac will be important for conserving dhole populations in Southeast Asia. In Laos, we recommend that local villagers remove livestock from the protected area during the hot-dry season to reduce livestock predation by dholes. © 2020 The Authors. The Journal of Wildlife Management published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of The Wildlife Society.     

DNA-damage response in chromatin of ribosomal genes and the surrounding genome

DNA repair events have functional significance especially for genome stability. Although the DNA damage response within the whole genome has been extensively studied, the region-specific characteristics of nuclear sub-compartments such as the nucleolus or fragile sites have not been fully elucidated. Here, we show that the heterochromatin protein HP1 and PML protein recognize spontaneously occurring 53BP1- or γ-H2AX-positive DNA lesions throughout the genome. Moreover, 53BP1 nuclear bodies, which co-localize with PML bodies, also occur within the nucleoli compartments. Irradiation of the human osteosarcoma cell line U2OS with γ-rays increases the degree of co-localization between 53BP1 and PML bodies throughout the genome; however, the 53BP1 protein is less abundant in chromatin of ribosomal genes and fragile sites (FRA3B and FRA16D) in γ-irradiated cells. Most epigenomic marks on ribosomal genes and fragile sites are relatively stable in both non-irradiated and γ-irradiated cells. However, H3K4me2, H3K9me3, H3K27me3 and H3K79me1 were significantly changed in promoter and coding regions of ribosomal genes after exposure of cells to γ-rays. In fragile sites, γ-irradiation induces a decrease in H3K4me3, changes the levels of HP1β, and modifies the levels of H3K9 acetylation, while the level of H3K9me3 was relatively stable. In these studies, we confirm a specific DNA-damage response that differs between the ribosomal genes and fragile sites, which indicates the region-specificity of DNA repair.     

First Record of Bourgelatia diducta (Nematoda: Chabertiidae) from Wild Boars in the Republic of Korea

This study describes the first record of Bourgelatia diducta (Nematoda: Chabertiidae) from wild boars in the Republic of Korea (=South Korea). Gastrointestinal tracts of 87 Korean wild boars (Sus scrofa coreanus) hunted in mountains in the south-western part of South Korea between 2009 and 2012 were examined for their visceral helminths. B. diducta, as identified by morphological characteristics of the head and tail, were recovered from the large intestine of 47 (54%) wild boars. The average length of adult female worms was 11.3±0.87 mm and the thickest part of the body measured 0.54±0.04 mm in maximum width, while those of males were 9.8±0.72 and 0.45±0.03 mm, respectively. The characteristic J-shaped type II ovejector was observed in females, and the type II dorsal ray with 2 rami on each side of the median fissure was uniquely seen in males. The buccal capsule was small, relatively thin-walled, cylindrical, very short, and ring-shaped. The externodorsal ray arose from a common stem with the dorsal ray. The cervical groove was absent. The anterior extremity was equipped with 20-22 external corona radiata, 4 cephalic papillae and 2 lateral amphids around the mouth. The eggs were 66.0×38.9 µm in average size. By the present study, B. diducta (Nematoda: Chabertiidae) is recorded for the first time in South Korea. Additionally, morphological characteristics and identification keys provided in the present study will be helpful in the faunistic or taxonomic studies for strongylid nematodes related.     

Distribution,habitat disturbance and pollination of the endangered orchid Broughtonia cubensis (Epidendrae: Laeliinae)

The geographical distribution, population structure and pollination ecology are key aspects in the conservation and management of rare orchids. Here, we address these aspects and the main threats affecting the endangered Cuban orchid Broughtonia cubensis. This rewardless orchid is self‐compatible, but pollinator dependent. However, seed production can be negatively affected by insect‐mediated selfing. Three species of small bee (genera Ceratina and Lasioglossum) act as pollinators. As in the case of other nectarless orchids, we detected two species of plant producing large amounts of nectar in the area, the floral morphology of which closely resembles that of B. cubensis. The simultaneous flowering of these species could positively affect the reproductive success of B. cubensis. Nonetheless, the fitness of this orchid in natural conditions is low, possibly related to strong pollen limitation. To the problems arising from reduced fitness is added the fact that its historical distribution range has been greatly reduced in recent years. Throughout this study, we have detected dramatic reductions in the population sizes, in some cases as a result of human plundering, but also as a consequence of hurricanes. Based on the results of this study, we propose some guidelines to manage and conserve this orchid. © 2013 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2013, 172 , 345–357.     

Wild plants eaten in childhood: a retrospective of Estonia in the 1970s–1990s

In this ethnobotanical study, the authors provide the first quantitative analysis of the use of wild edible plants in Estonia, describing the domains and assessing the food importance of different species. The information was collected using free‐listing written questionnaires and concerned plants used by the respondents in their childhood. As part of a major study, this article covers the responses of professionals with some botanical education at vocational or university level, to ensure the greatest possible reliability without using voucher specimens. Fifty‐eight respondents provided information on the use of 137 plant taxa, corresponding to approximately 6% of the native and naturalized vascular plants of Estonia. According to use frequency, the most typical wild food plant of Estonia is a fruit, eaten raw as a snack. The results clearly signal that the majority of famine and food shortage plants had already been forgotten by the end of the 20^th century, but new plants have been introduced as green vegetables for making salads. Despite changes in the nomenclature of the plants, the use of wild food plants in Estonia was still thriving at the turn of the 20^th century, covering many domains already forgotten in urbanized modern Europe. © 2013 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2013, 172 , 239–253.     

Multiple C-Terminal Tails within a Single E. coli SSB Homotetramer Coordinate DNA Replication and Repair

Escherichia coli single-stranded DNA binding protein (SSB) plays essential roles in DNA replication, recombination and repair. SSB functions as a homotetramer with each subunit possessing a DNA binding domain (OB-fold) and an intrinsically disordered C-terminus, of which the last nine amino acids provide the site for interaction with at least a dozen other proteins that function in DNA metabolism. To examine how many C-termini are needed for SSB function, we engineered covalently linked forms of SSB that possess only one or two C-termini within a four-OB-fold “tetramer”. Whereas E. coli expressing SSB with only two tails can survive, expression of a single-tailed SSB is dominant lethal. E. coli expressing only the two-tailed SSB recovers faster from exposure to DNA damaging agents but accumulates more mutations. A single-tailed SSB shows defects in coupled leading and lagging strand DNA replication and does not support replication restart in vitro. These deficiencies in vitro provide a plausible explanation for the lethality observed in vivo. These results indicate that a single SSB tetramer must interact simultaneously with multiple protein partners during some essential roles in genome maintenance.     

Submarine Elevations and Ridges: Wild Cards in the Poker Game of UNCLOS Article 76

Submarine elevations and ridges present an array of definitional uncertainties to coastal states that are engaged in the high-stakes process of delimiting extended continental shelves. Faced with the imprecise terminology of Article 76, with the nonspecific wording of the Scientific and Technical Guidelines of the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf (CLCS), and with the Commission's rules of confidentiality that hamper the open exchange of information concerning ridge and elevation assessments in previous continental shelf implementations, a coastal state needs to develop its own evaluations of what might and might not pass the “test of appurtenance.” Significant components of a continental shelf submission might thus be formulated on the basis of these national evaluations, only to have the CLCS question them, which could necessitate a potentially expensive and time-consuming reworking of the submission. This article outlines the ramifications of this wild card effect.     

Étude morphoanatomique et biométrique du métasoma antérieur des ouvrières. Contribution à la systématique et à la phylogénie des fourmis (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

L’anatomie des segments, des jonctions et des articulations du métasoma est comparée après dissection de 86 espèces de fourmis représentant les principaux taxons actuellement reconnus, à l’exception des Formicinae, des Dolichoderinae et de quelques taxons isolés. À la suite des travaux modernes, l’attention s’est d’abord portée sur le segment IV et sur la notion de présclérite, mais il s’est avéré que pour bien comprendre la morphologie et l’évolution de ce segment, il fallait étudier le segment III, puis le segment II et enfin le propodeum. Deux concepts nouveaux sont introduits : celui de présegmentation et celui de processus postérograde. La présegmentation d’un segment désigne la transformation de la partie antérieure d’un segment. Elle conduit à la formation d’un ou deux présclérites et dans le cas du segment II à celle d’une structure articulaire compacte, le manubrium, à l’étranglement en arrière du présegment et à la pétiolation ou formation d’un pétiole. L’observation de séries d’ouvrières de fourmis montre que la présegmentation d’un segment est toujours précédée par celle du segment précédent (il n’y a pas de postpétiole sans pétiole, etc.), ce qui aboutit à la transformation progressive du métasoma, de l’avant vers l’arrière à partir du segment II ou processus postérograde. Cette étude est étendue à plusieurs familles d’aculéates parmi lesquelles nous avons sélectionné quelques espèces dont le métasoma antérieur est moins évolué que celui des fourmis actuelles. Le rapprochement de ces espèces avec les fourmis permet de repérer des homologies susceptibles de contribuer à la compréhension de l’évolution ancestrale des fourmis et de leur état actuel, en particulier de l’origine des latérosclérites du segment II. Ceci conduit à un classement des architectures métasomatiques en groupes basés sur une typologie du présegment III. On peut ainsi distinguer trois groupes principaux d’architecture : ponériforme, doryliforme et myrmiciforme. 13 diamètres sont par ailleurs mesurés sur les segments II, III et IV. L’analyse en composantes principales de 12 de ces mesures permet de constater qu’il est possible de caractériser les groupes d’architecture par des combinaisons linéaires de ces mesures. On le vérifie par des AFD des trois grands groupes d’architecture dans lesquels rentrent la presque totalité des fourmis étudiées. Les groupes d’architecture sont presque tous bien discriminés par AFD, mais quelques exceptions doivent être expliquées. Des analyses complémentaires permettent d’imputer cette anomalie à l’existence dans les groupes architecturaux, d’espèces mono et bipétiolées. On obtient en conséquence une discrimination complète des trois groupes en effectuant des AFD séparées des espèces monopétiolées et des espèces bipétiolées. Ceci illustre l’effet de la postpétiolation sur la géométrie des segments au cours du processus postérograde. Ce processus est également illustré par le calcul de coefficients de corrélation entre des mesures effectuées sur les deux premiers segments, et les autres mesures. Ceci peut être expliqué par la propagation postérograde de contraintes de développement. Durant l’évolution, le processus postérograde est combiné à deux autres types de transformations : l’involution progressive des structures intercalaires du segment II, qui préexistaient vraisemblablement chez les ancêtres crétacés des fourmis actuelles, et différentes transformations aléatoires de l’abdomen, plus ou moins directionnelles, mais cumulatives. La classification des sous-familles en groupes Ponéroïde, Doryloïde et Myrmicoïde peut être alors déduite du classement des architectures, mais un petit nombre de genres ne rentre pas dans ces trois groupes. Leurs affinités ne peuvent être comprises que par la prise en compte de caractères anatomiques ou architecturaux de la tête et du thorax. On obtient alors une classification proche de la récente classification « intuitive » de Bolton (2003), mais avec des justifications très différentes. Cette nouvelle classification est la suivante :

• 1. – Architectures du métasoma semblables dans chaque groupe et cohérence architecturale

• 1.1. – Complexe Ponéroïde (présegment III hémi-annulaire, architecture thoracique ponériforme)

• 1.1.1. – Groupe Ponéroïde: Amblyoponinae, Ponerinae, Ectatomminae, Paraponerinae

• 1.1.2. – Groupe Myrmécioïde: Myrmeciinae, Pseudomyrmecinae

• 1.2. – Complexe Doryloïde (présegment III pseudo-annulaire, architecture doryliforme): Cerapachynae, Dorylinae, Ecitoninae, Aenictinae

• 1.3. – Complexe Myrmicoïde (présegment III annulaire, architecture myrmiciforme): Myrmicinae, Agroecomyrmecinae (non disséqués)

• 2. – Architectures du métasoma dissemblables au sein de chaque groupe. Classement basé sur d’autres critères

• 2.1. – Complexe Apomyrmoïde (1) (basé sur l’architecture thoracique); Apomyrminae (présegment III hémi-annulaire), Leptanillinae (présegment III atypique par rapport aux types annulaire, pseudo-annu- laire et hémi-annulaire)

• 2.2. – Complexe Procératinoïde (basé sur l’architecture céphalique): Proceratiini (présegment III annulaire: Discothyrea, présegment III pseudo-annulaire: Proceratium); Probolomyrmecini (présegment III hémi-annulaire: Probolomyrmex)

• 3. – Architectures inclassables: Aneuretinae (présegment III pseudo-annulaire); Leptanilloidinae (présegment III annulaire selon Brandao et al., 1999)

• 4. – Architectures formiciformes (presegment III différent des précédents): Dolichoderinae, Formicinae (non étudiées en détail)

Lanalyse conduit à l’établissement d’un cladogramme. Celui-ci est implicitement une phylogénie non enracinée, mais incomplète. La présente étude montre que les complexes Ponéroïde, Doryloïde et Myrmicoïde sont monophylétiques. Mais la topologie des sous-familles qui les composent ne peut pas être résolue par l’étude du métasoma parce que toutes les fourmis connues sont déjà parvenues au stade 3 ou en limite 2–3 (genre Adetomyrma). Pour établir des liens de parenté entre ces complexes, il faudrait recourir à l’étude de l’architecture céphalique ou thoracique. On a limité ici cette recherche à celle de synapomorphies permettant de renforcer l’identité des trois grands complexes et d’établir une parenté entre quelques sous-familles réunies dans les complexes Apomyrmoïde et Procératinoïde dont les repré- sentants possèdent des architectures métasomatiques très différentes.