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91.
Fragile X Syndrome is the most common form of inherited mental retardation. It is also known for having a substantial behavioral morbidity, including autistic features. In humans, Fragile X Syndrome is almost always caused by inactivation of the X-linked FMR1 gene. A single knockout mouse model, fmr1-tm1Cgr, exists. In this report we further characterize the cognitive and behavioral phenotype of the fmr1-tm1Cgr Fragile X mouse through the use of F1 hybrid mice derived from two inbred strains (FVB/NJ and C57BL/6J). Use of F1 hybrids allows focus on the effects of the fmr1-tm1Cgr allele with reduced influence from recessive alleles present in the parental inbred strains. We find that the cognitive phenotype of fmr1-tm1Cgr mice, including measures of working memory and learning set formation that are known to be seriously impacted in humans with Fragile X Syndrome, are essentially normal. Further testing of inbred strains supports this conclusion. Thus, any fmr1-tm1Cgr cognitive deficit is surprisingly mild or absent. There is, however, clear support presented for a robust audiogenic seizure phenotype in all strains tested, as well as increased entries into the center of an open field. Finally, a molecular examination of the fmr1-tm1Cgr mouse shows that, contrary to common belief, it is not a molecular null. Implications of this finding for interpretation of the phenotype are discussed. 相似文献
92.
93.
The nature of the interaction between drought and elevated CO2 partial pressure (pCa) is critically important for the effects of global change on crops. Some crop models assume that the relative responses of transpiration and photosynthesis to soil water deficit are unaltered by elevated pCa, while others predict decreased sensitivity to drought at elevated pCa. These assumptions were tested by measuring canopy photosynthesis and transpiration in spring wheat (cv. Minaret) stands grown in boxes with 100 L rooting volume. Plants were grown under controlled environments with constant light (300 µmol m?2 s?1) at ambient (36 Pa) or elevated (68 Pa) pCa and were well watered throughout growth or had a controlled decline in soil water starting at ear emergence. Drought decreased final aboveground biomass (?15%) and grain yield (?19%) while elevated pCa increased biomass (+24%) and grain yield (+29%) and there was no significant interaction. Elevated pCa increased canopy photosynthesis by 15% on average for both water regimes and increased dark respiration per unit ground area in well‐watered plants, but not drought‐grown ones. Canopy transpiration and photosynthesis were decreased in drought‐grown plants relative to well‐watered plants after about 20–25 days from the start of the drought. Elevated pCa decreased transpiration only slightly during drought, but canopy photosynthesis continued to be stimulated so that net growth per unit water transpired increased by 21%. The effect of drought on canopy photosynthesis was not the consequence of a loss of photosynthetic capacity initially, as photosynthesis continued to be stimulated proportionately by a fixed increase in irradiance. Drought began to decrease canopy transpiration below a relative plant‐available soil water content of 0.6 and canopy photosynthesis and growth below 0.4. The shape of these responses were unaffected by pCa, supporting the simple assumption used in some models that they are independent of pCa. 相似文献
94.
Water-deficit stress (–1.0 MPa through polyethylene glycol 6000 for 2 h) decreased the relative water content (RWC) and leaf water potential (LWP) in the two jute species Corchorus capsularis L. (cv. JRC 212) and C. olitorius L. (cv. JRO 632), more so in the latter. Pretreatment of seeds with 5 m M CaCl2 improved the water uptake capacity without altering stomatal movement, whereas foliar spraying with 0.01 m M ABA reduced transpiration through the reduction of stomatal aperture. A combination of both treatments, i.e. seed treatment followed by foliar spraying, additively improved the water status under water-deficit stress. Efflux of K+ from the guard cells followed by stomatal closure was more rapid in C. capsularis than in C. olitorius under water-deficit stress. Uptake of [32 P]-phosphate under water-deficit stress decreased more in C. olitorius than in C. capsularis and treatment of seeds with Ca2+ counteracted this decrease more markedly in the former species. These findings indicate that C. olitorius is more susceptible than C. capsularis to water-deficit stress. 相似文献
95.
Nucleotide sequence and expression of a ripening and water stress-related cDNA from tomato with homology to the MIP class of membrane channel proteins 总被引:13,自引:0,他引:13
Rupert G. Fray Andrew Wallace Donald Grierson Grantley W. Lycett 《Plant molecular biology》1994,24(3):539-543
The nucleotide sequence and derived amino acid sequence were determined for a full-length version of the tomato cDNA clone, pTOM75, the mRNA for which has previously been shown to accumulate in roots, ripening fruit and senescing leaves. Computer analysis of the predicted protein product, which we have named tomato ripening-associated membrane protein (TRAMP) indicates strong homology to known transmembrane channel proteins from other organisms. Northern analysis showed that this gene was induced by waterstress and that this induction was unaffected in an ABA-deficient genetic back-ground. 相似文献
96.
We have investigated the role of polyunsaturated fatty acids in photosynthesis using a triple mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana that lacks trienoic fatty acids (fad 3-2 fad 7-2 fad 8). Though this mutant is male sterile, vegetative growth and development under normal conditions are largely unaffected (McConn
and Browse, 1996 Plant Cell 8: 403–416). At 0.2–1.0 kPa vapor pressure deficit (low VPD), maximum photosynthetic rates of
wild-type and mutant plants were similar while stomatal conductance rates were up to 2 times higher in mutant plants. However,
light-saturated rates of carbon assimilation and stomatal conductance in the mutant were lower than in wild-type plants when
measured at ambient (35 Pa) CO2 and 2.0–2.8 kPa vapor pressure deficit (high VPD). The limitation to photosynthesis in the mutant plants at high VPD was
overcome by saturating partial pressures of CO2 suggesting a stomatal limitation. Chlorophyll fluorescence measurements indicate that differences observed in maximum assimilation
rates were not due to limitations within the photochemical reactions of photosynthesis. Stomatal response to VPD and intrinsic
water use efficiency was drastically different in mutant versus wild-type plants. The results of this investigation indicate
that for Arabidopsis, polyunsaturated fatty acids may be an important determinant of responses of photosynthesis and stomatal conductance to environmental
stresses such as high VPD.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
97.
通过咸水灌溉沙土土质生长的幼龄胡杨,分析了咸水灌溉沙土土壤盐分分布累积特点、盐分胁迫对胡杨的耗水生长关系、叶绿素、Pro、MDA的影响,结果表明:(1)在1.2—3 g/L范围内,微咸水灌溉沙土处于脱盐状态,6—12 g/L咸水灌溉使沙土积盐大增。在整个生长周期内,微咸水和咸水灌溉,0—200 cm内土体的总盐都呈累积趋势。(2)咸水灌溉胡杨,不同盐分处理的生长耗水关系可以用对数模型描述。(3)盐分胁迫下,胡杨叶片内叶绿素含量呈抛物线递减,Pro和MDA含量则呈现抛物线递增趋势。说明短期内咸水灌溉对土壤安全和胡杨的生长影响有限,可用咸水解决生态缺水现状,3种生理指标可用来衡量胡杨的盐胁迫程度,以此为指导提高人工造林的成活率。 相似文献
98.
Pascale Mentré 《Journal of biological physics》2012,38(1):13-26
Nowadays, biologists can explore the cell at the nanometre level. They discover an unsuspected world, amazingly overcrowded, complex and heterogeneous, in which water, also, is complex and heterogeneous. In the cell, statistical phenomena, such as diffusion, long considered as the main transport for water soluble substances, must be henceforth considered as inoperative to orchestrate cell activity. Results at this level are not yet numerous enough to give an exact representation of the cell machinery; however, they are sufficient to cease reasoning in terms of statistics (diffusion, law of mass action, pH, etc.) and encourage cytologists and biochemists to prospect thoroughly the huge panoply of the biophysical properties of macromolecule-water associations at the nanometre level. Our main purpose, here, is to discuss some of the more common misinterpretations due to the ignorance of these properties, and expose briefly the bases for a better approach of the cell machinery. Giorgio Careri, who demonstrated the correlation between proton currents at the surface of lysozyme and activity of this enzyme was one of the pioneers of this approach. 相似文献
99.
Melinda ChuaKelvin Chan Trevor J. HockingPeter A. Williams Christopher J. PerryTimothy C. Baldwin 《Carbohydrate polymers》2012,87(3):2202-2210
Here we present a comparison of commonly used methodologies for the extraction and quantification of konjac glucomannan (KGM). Compositional analysis showed that the purified konjac flour (PKF) produced using a modified extraction procedure contained 92% glucomannan, with a weight average molecular weight (Mw), polydispersity index (PDI) and degree of acetylation (DA) of 9.5 ± 0.6 × 105 g mol−1, 1.2 and 2.8 wt.%. These data, plus Fourier-transform infrared spectral (FTIR) and zero shear viscosity analyses of the extract (PKF) were all consistent with the literature. Comparison of three existing methodologies for the quantitative analysis of the KGM content of the PKF, namely 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid (3,5-DNS), phenol-sulphuric acid and enzymatic colorimetric assays; indicated that the 3,5-DNS colorimetric assay was the most reproducible and accurate method, with a linear correlation coefficient of 0.997 for samples ranging from 0.5 to 12.5 mg/ml, and recoveries between 97% and 103% across three spiking levels (250, 500 and 750 μg/g) of starch. These data provide the basis of improved good laboratory practice (GLP) for the commercial extraction and analysis of this multifunctional natural polymer. 相似文献
100.
Photosensitivity of germination of white clover ( Trifolium repens L. cv. Podkowa) seeds was studied under water deficit (low water potential) conditions at 25°C. The seeds showed negative photoblastism, which was most pronounced at -0.03 MPa polyethylene glycol solution. Inhibition was observed at two different wavelength bands with maxima at 660 nm (R) and around 730 nm (FR). Red light acted identically to white light (maximum inhibition ca 50%). The effect of far-red illumination was less inhibitory (20–30%). The photoresponse required long illuminations (3 h exposures); saturation level was at 0.1 W m−2 , independently of the light quality. White clover seed germination showed no reversibility of the effects of R and FR light. Prolonged illumination with R and FR increased the inhibition, and intermittent illumination had a higher effect than a continuous one. It was concluded that the photoinhibition of germination of seeds of Trifolium repens involves a reaction dependent on the rate of phytochrome interconversion, a property that is characteristic for the high irradiance reaction. 相似文献