Organization Environmental Footprint through Input‐Output Analysis: A Case Study in the Construction Sector

The implementation of global sustainability has gained worldwide attention in recent years. The Organization Environmental Footprint, which encompasses 14 impact categories, is a multicriteria measure of the environmental performance of goods and services provided by an organization from a life cycle perspective. In this article, the focus is on quantifying the Organization Environmental Footprint of a construction company in Spain. By applying an environmentally extended input‐output approach, its total footprint and impacts along the supply chain from two consecutive years were calculated. The results show that the environmental impacts from the second year of implementation were significantly higher than those from the first year. The impact category climate change was found to have experienced the greatest increase from one year to the other, with a 31% increase. This work provides an overview of 14 environmental impact categories of the company assessed, as well as recommendations for the implementation of this indicator in companies and public procurement. This approach could pave the way to shape organizations’ action plans and meet the European environmental challenges.     

The relationship between pheromone trap catch and local population density of the oak processionary moth Thaumetopoea processionea (Lepidoptera: Thaumetopoeidae)

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Grey mould of strawberry,a devastating disease caused by the ubiquitous necrotrophic fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea

The fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea causes grey mould, a commercially damaging disease of strawberry. This pathogen affects fruit in the field, storage, transport and market. The presence of grey mould is the most common reason for fruit rejection by growers, shippers and consumers, leading to significant economic losses. Here, we review the biology and epidemiology of the pathogen, mechanisms of infection and the genetics of host plant resistance. The development of grey mould is affected by environmental and genetic factors; however, little is known about how B. cinerea and strawberry interact at the molecular level. Despite intensive efforts, breeding strawberry for resistance to grey mould has not been successful, and the mechanisms underlying tolerance to B. cinerea are poorly understood and under-investigated. Current control strategies against grey mould include pre- and postharvest fungicides, yet they are generally ineffective and expensive. In this review, we examine available research on horticultural management, chemical and biological control of the pathogen in the field and postharvest storage, and discuss their relevance for integrative disease management. Additionally, we identify and propose approaches for increasing resistance to B. cinerea in strawberry by tapping into natural genetic variation and manipulating host factors via genetic engineering and genome editing.     

Decadal plant composition changes in grazed native grassland

Most high value grasslands of south‐eastern Australia are restricted to small fragmented areas of public land. However, a significant proportion of native grassland is privately owned, managed with grazing rather than fire and is rarely monitored. Hence, a better understanding of grassland management and conservation on the private estate is required. Eco‐markets are policy instruments that incentivise private landholders to effectively manage and conserve native vegetation. However, short funding cycles restrict the capacity of monitoring programs to assess long‐term vegetation changes. In this study, 17 native grassland remnants on private land managed with livestock grazing were monitored before and during a 4‐year eco‐market and 6 years after it ended to determine how composition had changed over 10 years of monitoring. Numerous grassland attributes were either maintained or improved over the 10‐year period, which coincided with one of the most severe and long‐lasting droughts in recent history (i.e. the Millennium drought). In addition, several threatened species were identified as part of the program. A decline in exotic forb richness, native grass cover and native forb richness suggests there is also some impact of the Millennium drought on plant mortality as evidenced by altered litter dynamics. Inherent variability year‐to‐year for most measures of grassland attributes over the monitoring period indicates that climatic conditions have a strong influence on grassland dynamics. Our ability to determine the driver(s) of grassland composition was limited by monitoring program design. Future eco‐market monitoring programs should have adequate resources allocated to enable effective monitoring designs, that incorporate reference information and control sites, and should aim to be long‐term (i.e. >10 years). This will provide clearer insights into the drivers of grassland dynamics and allow for refinement of management options for conservation of this threatened community.     

Increasing nitrogen depositions can reduce lichen viability and limit winter food for an endangered Chinese monkey

Increasing economic growth and industrial development in China is starting to impact even remote areas such as the Shennongjia nature reserve, where nitrogen pollution is becoming a major environmental threat. The epiphytic lichen flora is particularly rich in this area and is one of the components of this habitat most sensitive to nitrogen pollution. Since lichens represent an important food resource for the endangered monkey species Rhinopithecus roxellana, a reduction in lichen availability would have harmful consequences for the conservation of its habitat in the Shennongjia Mountains. To investigate the effects of increased nitrogen availability on the local lichen communities, so far scarcely considered, we conducted a one-year field experiment measuring growth, survival, and phosphomonoesterase activity of the widespread species Usnea luridorufa in response to nitrogen (up to 50 kg N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ deposition) and phosphorus supply. Growth and survival of thalli and propagules of U. luridorufa decreased when treated with N deposition >12.05 kg N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ and >2.14 kg N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹, respectively. The important role of phosphorus availability in relation to nitrogen supply was demonstrated by the increase in phosphomonoesterase activity with increasing nitrogen availability until a nitrogen toxicity threshold was reached. However, the high concentration of phosphorus in rainwater showed that phosphorus is not a limiting nutrient in the area.The results make a contribution to the knowledge of the negative effects of increased N deposition in the Shennongjia forest ecosystem.     

长白山区阔叶红松林经营历史与研究历程

长白山区位于中国东北东部的山地森林区,地带性植被是阔叶红松林,是我国珍贵木材生产和东北森林带的重要载体,孕育着丰富的物种资源.短短120年来,长白山区广袤的原始森林几乎消失殆尽,被次生林、过伐林和人工林等替代.建国以来,东北的阔叶红松林经营理论与技术在红松更新规律、皆伐与择伐的争论中,在人们对阔叶红松林结构和功能认识不断深入的过程中逐渐完善.但目前红松更新问题依然存在,森林经营依然十分粗放.本文梳理了过去70年来阔叶红松林的经营历史及研究历程,分析当前森林资源类型和经营制度的形成过程,以期为该区天然林可持续经营和质量的精准提升等提供借鉴.     

氮添加和水分胁迫对红松、水曲柳幼苗生物量分配的影响

氮沉降和暖干化是我国东北地区面临的主要生态问题,它将对森林生态系统产生怎样的影响一直是生态学研究的热点.本研究以东北温带阔叶红松林中2个关键树种——红松和水曲柳为研究对象,探讨水分胁迫和氮(N)添加对其幼苗短期(55周)生长的影响.结果表明: 红松与水曲柳幼苗生长对N添加和水分胁迫的响应有明显差异.红松对水分胁迫更加敏感,在处理早期(10周)水分胁迫降低了红松幼苗叶生物量,提高了根生物量;N添加只在水分胁迫发生时显著减少了红松根和植株总生物量.水曲柳对N添加的反应更加敏感,氮添加迅速增加了水曲柳茎、根和总生物量;而只有持续的水分胁迫才对水曲柳的茎、根和总生物量有显著影响.红松和水曲柳在持续水分胁迫和N添加处理下,叶、根生物量占比和地上、地下生物量之比都趋于维持一个稳定值,说明两个树种都有很强的自我调节能力.以上结果说明,在未来干旱条件下,红松采取的是“积极”的调整策略,而水曲柳则是“被动”的适应策略,因而相比较而言,红松存活和适应能力可能更强;而在N沉降增加的环境下,水曲柳受益会更大.这些结果可为预测未来东北温带森林群落演替动态提供参考.     

黄土丘陵区辽东栎和刺槐树干液流时滞效应与蒸腾特征的关联性

运用Granier热扩散探针法,于2016年7-9月对半干旱黄土丘陵区天然次生林树种辽东栎和人工林树种刺槐的树干液流进行连续测定,并同步监测气象因子和土壤含水量,用错位相关法分析液流通量密度与空气水汽压亏缺日变化的时滞长度,研究2个树种不同径级个体在不同土壤水分条件下液流通量密度与蒸腾驱动因子之间的时滞效应.结果表明:辽东栎和刺槐液流通量密度的日变化节律与气象因子显著相关,空气水汽压亏缺峰值的出现较辽东栎树干液流通量密度滞后118.2 min,较刺槐树干液流通量密度滞后39.5 min;而光合有效辐射的峰值通常滞后于辽东栎12.4 min,提前于刺槐68.5 min.液流通量密度和空气水汽压亏缺的时滞长度与树种和土壤含水量显著相关,辽东栎、刺槐在土壤含水量较高时段的时滞长度分别大于土壤含水量较低时段32.2和68.2 min.时滞长度与径级的相关性整体上未达到显著水平,但在土壤含水量较低时段小径级刺槐的时滞长度大于大径级21.4 min,差异达到了显著水平.两树种液流通量密度与空气水汽压亏缺之间的时滞效应反映了对蒸腾驱动因子的敏感性,较好的土壤水分条件有利于液流通量密度提早达到峰值,较低土壤水分会导致树干液流对气象环境因子响应的敏感性降低;刺槐树干液流受土壤水分的影响更显著.     

陕甘宁地区降水稳定同位素特征及水汽来源

依据全球大气降水稳定同位素观测网络(GNIP)和已有研究中陕甘宁地区的大气降水氢氧稳定同位素资料,并结合相关气象数据,分析了陕甘宁地区大气降水氧稳定同位素的时空分布特征及其影响因子,并建立了大气降水线方程.结果表明:3省大气降水线的斜率、截距由小到大依次为:甘肃、陕西、宁夏,且均小于全球大气降水线方程的斜率、截距,表明3省的降水过程受蒸发作用影响程度沿宁夏、陕西、甘肃增强;陕甘宁地区大气降水中δ18O值在时间变化上,表现为夏秋季节富集、冬春季节贫化,从空间分布来看,由西北至东南,加权平均δ18O值呈减小趋势;3省降水中δ18O温度效应显著,但不存在降水量效应,这体现了中高纬度大陆性气候的特征;高程效应的定量关系为-0.12‰·(100 m)^-1,纬度效应更显著(纬度每增加1°,降水中δ18O相应贫化0.27‰);采用HYSPLIT模型对各站点的水汽来源进行追踪,气团聚类轨迹表明,夏半年主要有来自孟加拉湾的水汽、东南季风水汽和西风带水汽,冬半年以西风带水汽为主.     

精细化管理在病理学技术质量控制中的应用

精准医疗是近年来医学的发展方向,精准医疗依赖于精准的诊断,而精准诊断则需要高质量病理学切片技术作为支撑。武汉大学人民医院病理科将精细化管理理念融入病理学技术质控和管理工作的每一环节,通过采用不同颜色包埋框对组织分类、时间梯度法调控出片时间、根据人员资质及医疗风险对病理学技术人员分级授权、专人专机负责制、信息化管理、PDCA循环法持续改进等管理措施为精准病理学诊断打好基础,大大提高了诊断准确率和及时率,为临床病理学诊断提供了可靠的技术支撑。