刺参养殖池塘水体中浮游病毒的丰度

运用荧光显微技术,于2007年3～11月,对大连市附近4个地区的刺参养殖池塘及相应的海域进行了浮游病毒丰度的监测和分析,对刺参养殖池塘生态系统的浮游病毒丰度在时间、空间分布上的变化进行了探讨。荧光显微观察结果显示,刺参养殖池塘浮游病毒在时间和空间分布上均存在极显著差异（P〈0.01）,8月中旬平均丰度达到峰值,为2.54×10^10个/L,7月下旬浮游病毒的平均丰度最低,为1.43×10^9个/L。复州湾海域的浮游病毒丰度显著高于其他地区,该地区浮游病毒丰度平均达到1.17×10^10个/L,夏家河子地区浮游病毒丰度最低,平均为3.89×10^9个/L。同一刺参养殖池塘中部区域的浮游病毒丰度高于进水和排水口。刺参养殖池塘水体中浮游病毒丰度与养殖池塘所处的海区位置、养殖池塘的密度密切相关。     

酒色着色菌利用产酸克雷伯氏菌发酵废液产氢

研究了酒色着色菌(Chromatiumvinosum DSM185)利用产酸克雷伯氏菌(Klebsiellaoxytoca HP1)发酵产氢废液进行光发酵和暗发酵产氢的可行性,以达到对产氢底物的充分利用和对产氢废液的进一步处理。研究结果表明C.vinosum可以利用K.oxytoca的发酵废液进行光发酵产氢和暗发酵产氢。C.vinosum发酵产氢后废液中残余还原糖和主要有机酸(丁酸)的含量明显降低,发酵产氢的最佳pH为6.5,添加0.1%(W/W)NH4Cl能促进产氢。在光照条件下丁酸利用率可达54.38%,产氢量达36.97mL/mg;在黑暗条件下丁酸利用率可达36.01%,产氢量达37.50mL/mg。     

A hybrid anaerobic solid-liquid bioreactor for food waste digestion

A hybrid anaerobic solid-liquid (HASL) bioreactor is an enhanced two-phase anaerobic system, that consists of a solid waste reactor as the acidification reactor and a wastewater reactor, i.e. an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor as the methanogenic reactor. Food waste digestion in HASL bioreactors with pre-acidification and HASL operation stages was investigated in two separate runs. After 8 days of pre-acidification in Run A and 4 days in Run B, total volatile fatty acid (TVFA) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) concentrations in the leachates of both acidification reactors were similar. During HASL operation stage, TVFA and COD removal in the methanogenic phase were 77–100% and 75–95%, respectively. Some 99% of the total methane generated was from the methanogenic phase with a content of 68–70% methane. At the end of operation, about 59–60% of the added volatile solids (VS) were removed with a methane yield of 0.25 l g^–1 VS.     

利用肌苷发酵废液生产酵母的研究

本课题筛选了适宜在肌苷发酵废液中生长的酵母菌,从中选出了生长量最大的ＣＦ菌。并对利用肌苷发酵废液生产该酵母的条件进行了初步研究。     

光合细菌产氢条件的研究

从被有机物污染的土壤及水域中分离得到13株属于红螺菌科的光合细菌,对其在苹果酸、乳酸、葡萄糖、乙酸、丙酸及丁酸中的光致产氢现象进行了研究。最高产氢量为39.8ml·20ml菌液~(-1)·48h~(-1),产氢活性为7.8ml·g生物量~(-1)·h~(-1)”。底物对不同菌株的产氢量与产氢活性均具有影响,pH对产氢过程也有明显的作用,大于6000lx的光强度对提高产氢活性已无明显作用。固定化细胞在静态培养条件下也能提高产氢能力,但延长产氢时间的作用不明显。     

Magnetotactic bacteria: nanodrivers of the future

Magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) represent a heterogeneous group of Gram-negative aquatic prokaryotes with a broad range of morphological types, including vibrioid, coccoid, rod and spirillum. MTBs possess the virtuosity to passively align and actively swim along the magnetic field. Magnetosomes are the trademark nano-ranged intracellular structures of MTB, which comprise magnetic iron-bearing inorganic crystals enveloped by an organic membrane, and are dedicated organelles for their magnetotactic lifestyle. Magnetosomes endue high and even dispersion in aqueous solutions compared with artificial magnetites, claiming them as paragon nanomaterials. MTB and magnetosomes offer high technological potential in modern science, technology and medicines. This review focuses on the applicability of MTB and magnetosomes in various areas of modern benefits.     

Microbial characterization during composting of municipal solid waste

This study investigates the prevailing physico-chemical conditions and microbial community; mesophilic bacteria, yeasts and filamentous fungi, bacterial spores, Salmonella and Shigella as well as faecal indicator bacteria: total coliforms, faecal coliforms and faecal Streptococci, present in a compost of municipal solid waste. Investigations were conducted in a semi-industrial pilot plant using a moderate aeration during the composting process. Our results showed that: (i) auto-sterilization induced by relatively high temperatures (60–55°C) caused a significant change in bacterial communities. For instance, Escherichia coli and faecal Streptococci populations decreased, respectively, from 2×10⁷ to 3.1×10³ and 10⁷ to 1.5×10³ cells/g waste dry weight (WDW); yeasts and filamentous fungi decreased from 4.5×10⁶ to 2.6×10³ cells/g WDW and mesophilic bacteria were reduced from 5.8×10⁹ to 1.8×10⁷ bacteria/g WDW. On the other hand, the number of bacterial spores increased at the beginning of the composting process, but after the third week their number decreased notably; (ii) Salmonella disappeared completely from compost by the 25th day as soon as the temperature reached 60°C; and (iii) the bacterial population increased gradually during the cooling phase. While Staphylococci seemed to be the dominant bacteria during the mesophilic phase and at the beginning of the thermophilic phase, bacilli predominated during the remainder of the composting cycle. The appearance of gram-negative rods (opportunistic pathogens) during the cooling phase may represent a serious risk for the sanitary quality of the finished product intended for agronomic reuse. Compost sonication for about 3 min induced the inactivation of delicate bacteria, in particular gram-negatives. By contrast, gram-positive bacteria, especially micrococcus, spores of bacilli, and fungal propagules survived, and reached high concentrations in the compost.     

Anaerobic degradation of solid material: importance of initiation centers for methanogenesis, mixing intensity, and 2D distributed model

Batch anaerobic codigestion of municipal household solid waste (MHSW) and digested manure in mesophilic conditions was carried out. The different waste-to-biomass ratios and intensity of mixing were studied theoretically and experimentally. The experiments showed that when organic loading was high, intensive mixing resulted in acidification and failure of the process, while low mixing intensity was crucial for successful digestion. However, when loading was low, mixing intensity had no significant effect on the process. We hypothesized that mixing was preventing establishment of methanogenic zones in the reactor space. The methanogenic zones are important to withstand inhibition due to development of acids formed during acidogenesis. The 2D distributed models of symmetrical cylinder reactor are presented based on the hypothesis of the necessity of a minimum size of methanogenic zones that can propagate and establish a good methanogenic environment. The model showed that at high organic loading rate spatial separation of the initial methanogenic centers from active acidogenic areas is the key factor for efficient conversion of solids to methane. The initial level of methanogenic biomass in the initiation centers is a critical factor for the survival of these centers. At low mixing, most of the initiation methanogenic centers survive and expand over the reactor volume. However, at vigorous mixing the initial methanogenic centers are reduced in size, averaged over the reactor volume, and finally dissipate. Using fluorescence in situ hybridization, large irregular cocci of microorganisms were observed in the case with minimal mixing, while in the case with high stirring mainly dead cells were found.     

瘤胃微生物在有机废物处理中的应用研究

综述了瘤胃微生物在处理农业残余废物、城市有机垃圾和一些有毒物质方面的研究情况,并对影响其降解的环境条件、工艺条件和反应促进因素做了介绍,认为结合现代厌氧消化技术和瘤胃发酵技术,瘤胃微生物可以在有机废物处理中发挥较大作用.     

Comparison of methods for total community DNA extraction and purification from compost

The differences on DNA yield and purity of three different DNA extraction protocols were compared with regard to the use for PCR and other molecular analyses. Total DNA was extracted from compost by the three protocols, and then was purified by spin-bind cartridges after being precipitated by PEG8000. The detection performed on a nucleic acid and protein analyzer showed that all three methods produced high DNA yields. The agarose gel electrophoresis showed that the fragments of crude and purified DNA had a length of about 23 kb. A eubacterial 16S rRNA gene-targeted primer pair was used for PCR amplification, and full length 16S rDNAs were amplified from all the purified DNA samples. After being digested by restriction endonucleases, the restriction map of amplified rDNA showed identical genetic diversity. The products of PCR using primer pair GC341F and 907R were also used for denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis. The results indicated that high-quality DNA was extracted from compost by the three protocols, and each of the protocols is adapted to extract microbial genome DNA from compost expediently and cheaply.