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51.
William F. Kraus 《Journal of Insect Behavior》1989,2(5):623-648
Because male giant water bugs in the subfamily Belostomatinae provide parental care by brooding eggs on their back, an accurate assessment can be made of both the actual and potential reproductive capacity of males. Two operational sex-ratio (OSR) indices were developed and empirically measured for a population of giant water bug, Abedus indentatus,in California. One index was based on reproductive rates measured in the laboratory; the other index was based on reproductive resources observed in the field. Both OSR indices suggest that the operational sex ratio fluctuates between maleskewed ratios in the summer and femaleskewed ratios in the winter. This pattern appears to be the consequence of two factors. First, the adult sex ratio is significantly female biased. Second, although males can outreproduce females at high ambient temperatures, the reverse is true at low temperatures. Possible reasons for the female-skewed adult sex ratio are examined, including differential recruitment, differential mortality, and sampling bias. 相似文献
52.
Growth of Pyrola rotundifolia ssp. maritima in relation to shade 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0
53.
Natal dispersal in relation to population density and sex ratio in the field vole,Microtus agrestis 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Summary In a sample of 240 juvenile field voles 8% of the males and 22% of the females reached sexual maturity within their natal home range. Among individuals retrapped as adults, 58% of males and 23% of females had dispersed, i.e. had moved more than one home range diameter. The mean distance moved for males (58.5 m) exceeded that for females (28.6 m). Male movement distances were negatively associated with total density, and with density of adult females, but not with male density. Female movements were not related to population density. There were no relation between sex ratio and distance moved. The distribution of distances moved for both males and females fit a geometrical distribution, suggesting the importance of competitive processes. 相似文献
54.
A K/Rb isotope dilution method was used to determine the uptake of K from undisturbed subsoils. Rb was applied to the topsoil
(0–30 cm) to trace the K taken up from the topsoil by crops. The K/Rb ratio in the crops increases when roots contact the
Rb-free subsoil. This change in the K/Rb ratio enables the calculation of the uptake of K from the subsoil.
Results of 34 field experiments on loess-parabrown soils in N. Germany showed that the subsoil (>30 cm) supplied, on average,
34% of the total K uptake by spring wheat (range 9–70%).
The range between the experimental sites is considered in relation to the contents of K in the top and subsoils (as extracted
by 0.025 N CaCl2 solution), the proportion of the total root length in the subsoils, and competition for K between roots in the top and subsoil.
In subsoils with similar K contents, uptake from the subsoil decreased significantly from 65 to 21% of total K uptake, as
K contents in the topsoils increased from 4 to 8 mg K/100 g.
On sites with the same K contents in topsoils (9 mg K/100 g), the subsoil supplied 12 to 61% of total K uptake as the K contents
of the subsoil increased from 2 to 27 mg K/100 g.
The contribution of uptake of K from the subsoil increased with the development of the crop, from 8% at first node stage to
35% at ear emergence, as the proportion of total root length in the subsoil increased.
High root length densities in the topsoil (9 cm/cm3) resulted in competition for K between roots and increased uptake of K from the subsoil. 相似文献
55.
Three post-emergence herbicides (2,4-D, picloram and glyphosate) were applied to samples of an Alberta agricultural soil at
concentrations of 0, 2, 20, and 200 μg g−1. The effects of these chemicals on certain microbial variables was monitored over 27 days. All herbicides caused enhancement
of basal respiration but only for 9 days following application, and only for concentrations of 200 μg g−1. Substrate-induced respiration was temporarily depressed by 200 μg g−1 picloram and 2,4-D, and briefly enhanced by 200 μg g−1 glyphosate. It is concluded that because changes in microbial variables only occurred at herbicide concentrations of much
higher than that which occurs following field application, the side-effects of these chemicals is probably of little ecological
significance. 相似文献
56.
M R Feldesman 《American journal of physical anthropology》1992,87(4):447-459
The present study examines the relationship between femur length and stature in children between the ages of 8 and 18 years. In previous investigations, my colleagues and I reported the surprising finding that femur length bears a nearly constant relationship to stature in adult humans regardless of ethnicity or gender. This earlier study revealed that the femur/stature ratio averages 26.74% in adult humans, and that using the ratio to predict stature from femur length yields remarkably accurate estimates. The current study shows that femur/stature ratios of children between the ages of 8 and 11 differ significantly from their older counterparts. Between the ages of 12 and 18, there are no significant differences due to age in the femur/stature ratio; however, there are significant differences in this age group attributable to gender. This study also shows that the worldwide average adult femur/stature ratio does not adequately describe children in this age range. This study strongly documents the adolescent growth spurt in the femur/stature ratios of both males and females at the precise time one would expect to see the spurt occur (10-12 in females; 12-14 in males). This growth follows a nearly identical trajectory in both genders, with relative femur growth dominating before the peak years of the growth spurt, and relative stature growth dominating afterward. This accounts for the ratio's rise to maximum values just before peak growth, and its decline toward the adult ratio thereafter. These findings require us to use separate adolescent femur/stature ratios of 27.16 (females) and 27.44 (males) to estimate the stature of children between the ages of 12 and 18. Preliminary testing shows these ratios to be more accurate in estimating stature than the properly selected Trotter and Gleser adult regression equation. Use of the adolescent male ratio with the Homo erectus juvenile WT 15000 results in a lower stature estimate (157.4 cm) than previously reported. It is suggested that continued testing of the ratio occur, but that the values herein derived may be useful in routine forensic cases involving children in this age range, and with subadult paleontological specimens. 相似文献
57.
The effect of alteration of lysine: arginine ratio of the protein on the aortic glycosaminoglycans and glycoproteins was studied
in rats fed cholesterol free and atherogenic diet. The concentration of total glycosaminoglycans and of individual fractions
was significantly lower in the aorta in the case of diet with lysine: arginine ratio of 1.0, than the diet with a ratio of
2.0. Rats fed globulin fraction isolated from sesame seeds, which has a lysine: arginine ratio of 0.67 also showed significantly
lower concentration of total and individual glycosaminoglycan fractions in the aorta than those fed casein (lysine:arginine
ratio 2.0). Concentration of total hexose and fucose in the glycoproteins was also lower in the aorta in the case of lysine:
arginine ratio 1.0. These results in the light of previous reports of increase in the aortic glycosaminoglycans in the early
stages of atherosclerosis and increase in the total hexose and fucose in the glycoproteins in the atherosclerotic aorta indicate
that the antiatherogenic effect of a low lysine: arginine ratio in the protein involves alteration in the aortic glycosaminoglycans
and glycoproteins. 相似文献
58.
The egg parasitoid,Platytelenomus busseolae (Gahan) (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) was recorded from egg masses of the corn stalk borer,Sesamia nonagrioides (Lefebvre) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on maize in the area of Istiaea, Central Greece. Natural parasitism was studied during the years 1986, 1987. A total of
3,382 egg masses, containing 205,227 eggs, was collected from corn fields. Parasitized eggs were found from end July to mid-October.
In 1986. 76.2% of the egg masses and 42.8% of all eggs were parasitized, while in 1987, respective values were 27.6% and 12.9%.
The inferior performance of the parasitoid in 1987 may be due to the unfavorable winter and summer conditions. Parasitism
decreased when the host population was at its peak, but it increased again within 1 to 3 weeks. A small percentage of egg
masses was completely parasitized (9.5% and 4.7% for the 2 years respectively). In 1987, the sex ratio, ♀♀/♂♂ was 1.5: 1 and
26.2% of the egg masses produced only ♂♂. Mated ♀♀ produced 3 times more ♀♀ than ♂♂. It seems that the parasitoid, under favorable
weather conditions, can play a significant role in the control of the corn stalk borer.
相似文献
59.
Seasonal water uptake and movement in root systems of Australian phraeatophytic plants of dimorphic root morphology: a stable isotope investigation 总被引:12,自引:0,他引:12
A natural abundance hydrogen stable isotope technique was used to study seasonal changes in source water utilization and water movement in the xylem of dimorphic root systems and stem bases of several woody shrubs or trees in mediterranean-type ecosystems of south Western Australia. Samples collected from the native treeBanksia prionotes over 18 months indicated that shallow lateral roots and deeply penetrating tap (sinker) roots obtained water of different origins over the course of a winter-wet/summer-dry annual cycle. During the wet season lateral roots acquired water mostly by uptake of recent precipitation (rain water) contained within the upper soil layers, and tap roots derived water from the underlying water table. The shoot obtained a mixture of these two water sources. As the dry season approached dependence on recent rain water decreased while that on ground water increased. In high summer, shallow lateral roots remained well-hydrated and shoots well supplied with ground water taken up by the tap root. This enabled plants to continue transpiration and carbon assimilation and thus complete their seasonal extension growth during the long (4–6 month) dry season. Parallel studies of other native species and two plantation-grown species ofEucalyptus all demonstrated behavior similar to that ofB. prionotes. ForB. prionotes, there was a strong negative correlation between the percentage of water in the stem base of a plant which was derived from the tap root (ground water) and the amount of precipitation which fell at the site. These data suggested that during the dry season plants derive the majority of the water they use from deeper sources while in the wet season most of the water they use is derived from shallower sources supplied by lateral roots in the upper soil layers. The data collected in this study supported the notion that the dimorphic rooting habit can be advantageous for large woody species of floristically-rich, open, woodlands and heathlands where the acquisition of seasonally limited water is at a premium. 相似文献
60.
Bruno Mies Maria Soledad Jiménez Domingo Morales 《Plant Systematics and Evolution》1996,202(1-2):27-36
The leafless spurgeEuphorbia aphylla (Euphorbiaceae), an endemic species restricted to several of the Canary Islands where it inhabits coastal and arid localities, expresses Crassulacean Acid Metabolism (CAM) when it is subjected to summer drought. A flexible CAM is consistent with the general ecology of the species. It is the only member of sect.Tirucalli native to the Canary Islands and is at the north-western edge of the section's biogeographical range. The other members of the section have a paleotropic distribution and are found throughout Africa. Many of them are regarded as obligate CAM plants, includingE. tirucalli which was used as a comparison in ecophysiological experiments examining the response ofE. aphylla to drought and temperature. 相似文献