单室微生物电解池除镍途径分析及微生物群落动态特征北大核心CSCD

【目的】为探究UASB颗粒污泥启动的单室微生物电解池(Single-chamber microbial electrolysis cell,SMEC)对Ni(II)的去除途径和SMEC中微生物群落的动态特征。【方法】以乙酸钠为底物,采用单因子控制方法分析SMEC对Ni(II)的去除途径和应用Illumina高通量测序技术解析SMEC启动过程中微生物群落的组成和结构动态学特征。【结果】结果表明,SMEC对重金属的去除主要通过吸附和微生物作用。经培养驯化功能菌群发生变化。成熟单室微生物燃料电池(Single-chamber microbial fuel cell,SMFC)阳极生物膜菌群主要是Proteobacteria(变形菌门,91.42%)中的Geobacter sp.(地杆菌属,76.25%);阴极生物膜菌群主要是Bacteroidetes(拟杆菌门,47.99%)中的Niabella sp.(布鲁氏菌属,33.01%)和Proteobacteria(45.74%)中的Ochrobactrum sp.(苍白杆菌属,10.80%)。成熟SMFC改装成的SMEC在12.5 mg-Ni(II)/L下,阳极生物膜菌群由单一优势菌Geobacter sp.转变为Geobacter sp.(41.56%)和Proteobacteria中的Azospirillum sp.(固氮螺菌属,5.97%);阴极生物膜菌群由Niabella sp.和Ochrobactrum sp.转变为Firmicutes(厚壁菌门,25.21%)中的Acetoanaerobium sp.(19.28%)、Proteobacteria(51.42%)中的Dokdonella sp.(16.48%)和Azospirillum sp.(9.49%)。【结论】本研究表明,污泥微生物经SMFC和SMEC驯化过程及Ni(II)的淘汰和选择,在电极上形成了稳定、高效产电与除镍菌群,优势菌群为Proteobacteria。     

Repeated evolution of local adaptation in swimming performance: population‐level trade‐offs between burst and endurance swimming in Brachyrhaphis freshwater fish

Specialization is fundamentally important in biology because specialized traits allow species to expand into new environments, in turn promoting population differentiation and speciation. Specialization often results in trade‐offs between traits that maximize fitness in one environment but not others. Despite the ubiquity of trade‐offs, we know relatively little about how consistently trade‐offs evolve between populations when multiple sets of populations experience similarly divergent selective regimes. In the present study, we report a case study on Brachyrhaphis fishes from different predation environments. We evaluate apparent within/between population trade‐offs in burst‐speed and endurance at two levels of evolutionary diversification: high‐ and low‐predation populations of Brachyrhaphis rhabdophora, and sister species Brachyrhaphis roseni and Brachyrhaphis terrabensis, which occur in high‐ and low‐predation environments, respectively. Populations of Brachyrhaphis experiencing different predation regimes consistently evolved swimming specializations indicative of a trade‐off between two swimming forms that are likely highly adaptive in the environment in which they occur. We show that populations have become similarly locally adapted at both levels of diversification, suggesting that swimming specialization has evolved rather rapidly and persisted post‐speciation. Our findings provide valuable insight into how local adaptation evolves at different stages of evolutionary divergence.     

Using fish guilds to assess community responses to temperature and flow regimes in unregulated and regulated Canadian rivers

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The Association Between Personality Traits,Morphological Traits and Alternative Mating Behaviour in Male Endler's Guppies,Poecilia wingei

Alternative mating behaviour, personality traits and morphological characters are predicted to be correlated. Bolder, larger and more colourful males are expected to preferentially court females, while shy, small and drab‐coloured individuals are predicted to sneak copulations. We used males of Endler's guppy, Poecilia wingei, to test this association over a long temporal period (hence including ontogenetic changes) and under two social environments (male‐biased and female‐biased). We found that personality traits (exploration, boldness, activity) of P. wingei males were highly repeatable across long time spans, but they were not correlated (formed no behavioural syndrome). Male age and social environment had no effect on any personality trait, despite their effects on alternative mating behaviour. Young males with higher activity levels were more likely to attempt sneaking. In older fish, there was an association between orange coloration, courtship and boldness, but this was not observed in young males. Our results suggest that alternative mating behaviour is more flexible than personality traits and is independent of them. Non‐colour‐based morphological traits (gonopodium length, body length, caudal straps length, dorsal fin length) were not correlated with any particular mating behaviour.     

Organic farming affects the potential of a granivorous carabid beetle to control arable weeds at local and landscape scales

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Evolutionary perspectives on human height variation

Human height is a highly variable trait, both within and between populations, has a high heritability, and influences the manner in which people behave and are treated in society. Although we know much about human height, this information has rarely been brought together in a comprehensive, systematic fashion. Here, we present a synthetic review of the literature on human height from an explicit evolutionary perspective, addressing its phylogenetic history, development, and environmental and genetic influences on growth and stature. In addition to presenting evidence to suggest the past action of natural selection on human height, we also assess the evidence that natural and sexual selection continues to act on height in contemporary populations. Although there is clear evidence to suggest that selection acts on height, mainly through life‐history processes but perhaps also directly, it is also apparent that methodological factors reduce the confidence with which such inferences can be drawn, and there remain surprising gaps in our knowledge. The inability to draw firm conclusions about the adaptiveness of such a highly visible and easily measured trait suggests we should show an appropriate degree of caution when dealing with other human traits in evolutionary perspective.     

Depositional environment of the Upper Cretaceous orbitolinid-rich microfacies in the Kuh-e Mazar anticline (Kerman Province,Central Iran)

This study is focused on the depositional model and paleoenvironmental distribution patterns of orbitolinids-rich microfacies in an Upper Cretaceous carbonate succession in the Kuh-e Mazar anticline in Kerman Province, Central Iran. Twelve microfacies indicating a tidal flat (including intertidal and supratidal) and an inner ramp (consisting of subtidal lagoon and orbitolinid–rudist barrier shoal) belonging to a shallow-water ramp-type carbonate platform were recognised. Generally, the orbitolinid associations in the carbonate ramp are indicative of shallow warm waters with normal salinity. The occurrence and abundance of thick or conical orbitolinids in both shoal and lagoon show that such associations were well adapted to different environmental conditions including different depth, substrate stability and water energy. The slightly discoidal, almost discoidal and discoidal forms were only present in the deeper depths of the environment including the lagoon with muddy and more stable substrates and lower water energy. However, the orbitolinids in the inner part of the carbonate ramp were scarce or almost absent in the deep inner to middle lagoon due to the deep restricted environmental conditions unfavourable for benthic marine life.     

石灰岩山地优势种淡竹生物量分配的影响主因研究

该研究在江西省瑞昌市设置9个淡竹林样地,调查和测定了淡竹林密度、淡竹各构件的生物量和总生物量,以及土壤含水率、土层厚度、林下裸岩率、pH、电导率、全氮和全磷等7个土壤环境因子,并对竹林密度、土壤环境因子和淡竹生物量分配指标进行了相关分析和回归分析。结果表明：(1)密度与淡竹蔸比重相关系数r达0.66( P＝0.02<0.05),而与叶比重、枝比重、秆比重、鞭比重、根比重及根冠比均无显著相关关系;土壤环境因子与生物量分配指标有密切相关,环境主成分Z1与叶比重、秆比重及蔸比重均显著相关(P<0.05),Z2与鞭比重显著相关(P＝0.034<0.05)。(2)密度与土壤环境因子密切相关(P<0.05),控制土壤环境因子的偏相关分析显示密度与淡竹生物量分配不显著相关( P>0.05),而控制密度时,土壤环境因子与淡竹生物量分配仍有显著相关关系(P<0.05);逐步回归分析也验证了偏相关分析的结果,密度被排除出回归方程。分析认为,土壤含水率、土层厚度及土壤养分等环境因子是影响石灰岩山地优势种淡竹生物量分配的主因,密度对生物量分配的影响实为土壤环境因子的间接作用。该研究结果为石灰岩地区植被恢复提供了理论支撑。