A unified framework for the restoration of Southeast Asian mangroves—bridging ecology, society and economics

The effect of intensive human intervention, poor socio-economic conditions and little knowledge on mangrove ecology pose enormous challenges for mangrove restoration in Southeast Asia. We present a framework for tropical mangrove restoration. Our proposed restoration framework addresses the ecology, economy and social issues simultaneously by considering the causes of mangrove degradation. We provide a step by step guideline for its restoration. We argue that although, ecological issues are of prime importance, economic and social issues must be considered in the restoration plan in order for it to be successful. Since mangrove ecology is not adequately studied in this region, local ecological knowledge can be used to fill the baseline information gaps. Unwanted human disturbance can be minimized by encouraging community participation. This can be ensured and sustained by facilitating the livelihood of the coastal community. We translated the restoration paradigm into a readily available practical guideline for the executors of the plans. We provide an example of mangrove restoration project that is closely related to our proposed framework. We are optimistic that this framework has the potential for universal application with necessary adjustments.     

The politics of immigration locally: alliances between political parties and immigrant organizations

Alliances are a political opportunity that reinforce the claims made by different players in the political sphere. However, the literature on the political participation of immigrants pays little attention to the formation of alliances and their effects on the interaction between immigrants and institutional actors, especially under circumstances of politicization. This article aims to explain the emergence of alliances between political parties and immigrant organizations when immigration is politicized locally. I argue that the need to legitimize the political parties’ position on the politicization guide their alliances with immigrants. Using qualitative methods, I analyse the emergence of alliances in the anti-Romanian-Roma campaign in Badalona and the burka ban in Lleida, both in Catalonia, Spain. The findings portray these relationships as the outcome of strategic interactions that respond to the balance of power between institutional and non-institutional actors.     

The Ontological and Cultural Genesis of Forms of Memorization: Replication of the Experiments of A.N. Leontiev

Information is presented from a replication of the experiments of A.N. Leontiev (1928), and the ontological and cultural genesis of direct and mediated memorization is traced. It was confirmed that each form of memorization develops with a different degree of productivity and in different ways. No confirmation was found for A.N. Leontiev’s postulate that the ontogenesis of memorization is subject to the “parallelogram principle.” The relationship between forms of memorization and the time and nature of mnemic activity is shown. A pronounced decrease was found in the productivity of memorization processes among present-day schoolchildren and undergraduates as compared with the schoolchildren and undergraduates tested by A.N. Leontiev.     

人脑运动前准备电位（BP）的两种成分

人脑运动前准备电位起始时间之长令研究者费解。本文比较了受指令食指屈曲运动和自我起始食指屈曲运动的ＢＰ。结果显示,ＢＰ在受到指令之前已经开始。显然,指令前那一部分ＢＰ即ＢＰ早期部分与运动无关。本文进一步研究了下意识眨运动,指令眨眼运动和自我起始眨眼运动。发现下意识眨眼运动时,ＢＰ起始时无早期成分,明显较另外两种眨眼运动的ＢＰ为短,表明ＢＰ的早期成分是由于在后两种有意识活动参与的眨眼运动中,心理活动产     

Creative Social Research: Rethinking Theories and Methods and the Calling of an Ontological Epistemology of Participation

Modern social research, as we know it now, emerged as a part of rise of modern social sciences in the context of transition to modernity. As an enterprise of modernity social research reflected some of the foundational assumptions of modernity. For example, the project of sociology was closely tied to the project of nation-state, embodying in its epistemology methodological nationalism. Social research also proceeded within the bounded logic of disciplines. But all these assumptions of modernity as well as their social manifestations have been subjected to fundamental criticisms and interrogations in the last decades. Both anti-systematic socio-cultural movements and critical discursive movements and new movements of ideas have challenged the modernist paradigms of pathology and normality as well as distinction between ontology and epistemology. In the background of critiques of modernity, social movements and processes of transformations the present essay submits some proposals for a creative and critical social research. It explores ways of moving beyond mere denunciations and critiques and embodying transformational theories and methods which would facilitate creative and critical research. The essay also calls for a new vocation of social research by pleading for a simultaneous engagement in activism and creative understanding, fieldwork and philosophical reflections, ontological self-cultivation and epistemic labour of learning. Ananta Kumar Giri originally from Madras Institute of Development Studies, Chennai, India is currently a Alexander von Humboldt Fellow at Institute of Sociology, Albert Ludwig Univesitat, Freiburg, Germany. The present essay builds upon author’s introduction to his recently edited volume, Creative Social Research: Rethinking Theories and Methods (Lanham, MD, USA: Lexington Books, 2004 & New Delhi. Sage, 2004. This has benefited from presentations in many different places, most recently at the Ernest Gellenr seminar series in Prague and Institute of Sociology, Freiburg, and my grateful to thanks are due to participants in all these places of dialogues, particularly to Professors Chitta Ranjan Das , Peter Skalnik and Hermann Shwengel.     

N—磷酰氨基酸和二肽的自身活化成肽

磷酰基的参与作用导致N-磷酰氨基酸和二肽自身活化,在无活化试剂的情况下能成肽和肽链延长。14种磷酸小肽或游离肽被分离并经各谱图证实,该研究对蛋白质前生物合成的探讨提供了重要线索。     

Peak triceps surae muscle activity is not specific to knee flexion angles during MVIC

There is limited research on peak activity of the separate triceps surae muscles in select knee flexion (KF) positions during a maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) used to normalize EMG signals. The aim of this study was to determine how frequent peak activity occurred during an MVIC for soleus (SOL), gastrocnemius medialis (GM), and gastrocnemius lateralis (GL) in select KF positions, and if these peaks were recorded in similar KF positions. Forty-eight healthy individuals performed unilateral plantar-flexion MVIC in standing with 0°KF and 45°KF, and in sitting with 90°KF. Surface EMG of SOL, GM, and GL were collected and processed in 250 ms epochs to determine peak root-mean-square amplitude. Peak activity was most frequently captured in standing and rarely in sitting, with no position selective to SOL, GM or GL activity. Peak GM and GL activity was more frequent in 0°KF than 45°KF, and more often in similar KF positions than not. Peak SOL activity was just as likely in 45°KF as 0°KF, and more in positions similar to GM, but not GL. The EMG amplitudes were at least 20% greater in positions that captured peak activity over those that did not. The overall findings support performing an MVIC in more than one KF position to normalize triceps surae EMG. It is emphasized that no KF position is selective to SOL, GM, or GL alone.     

Transient and steady-state cardiopulmonary responses to combined rhythmic and isometric exercise

The transient and steady-state cardiopulmonary responses to combined rhythmic (R) and isometric (I) exercise were examined in nine subjects. Isometric exercise at 30% maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) was started 1.5 min prior to either a 50% or 75% maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) cycle ride and continued for 1.5 min into the 10-min R. Systolic (Pas) and diastolic (P(ad)) blood pressure, heart rate (fc), inspired ventilation volumes (VI), and oxygen uptake (VO2) were recorded every 30 s throughout each experiment. Responses to I effort alone were recorded for comparison with experiments in which the combined exercises were performed during the first 1.5 min when R had not yet begun. Pas responses in the first 1.5 min of I (no R) showed the typical rapid linear increase. Addition of the R effort further increased Pas to levels which remained nearly constant (steady state) throughout R. R alone produced a slower Pas increase to approximately the same steady-state levels as those of the combined R and I exercise. For P(ad), the linear increase which occurred during the first 1.5 min of I was attenuated with the superimposition of R. Following cessation of I, P(ad) fell rapidly during continued R to levels not different from experiments with R alone. The fc during I alone increased slightly. As I continued, the onset of the R induced a further rapid increase in fc to levels not different from R alone. The VI showed a similar response to fc. VO2 during I alone did not change significantly.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)