广东省珠江三角洲城市森林抗火树种筛选研究

在广东省珠江三角洲地区(火烧迹地和污染区、公园、风景区、村旁风景林等不同类型区林地)进行城市林业抗火树种的筛选研究,对所调查的52个树种进行含水率、粗脂肪含量、粗灰分含量以及对其中的6个树种的燃烧热值作了测定。结果表明：同时满足含水率≥40％、粗脂肪含量≤20‰以及粗灰分含量≥5％三个条件的有16个树种(铁冬青、假苹婆、细叶榕、腺叶野樱、红桂木、多花山竹子、半枫荷、牛矢果、朴树、秋枫、白颜、枫香、麻楝、阿丁枫、蝴蝶果、吊瓜木),可初步肯定这些树种具有较高的抗火性。其中白颜树、枫香、秋枫、麻楝、吊瓜木、蝴蝶果6个树种的燃烧热值比较低,均比木荷低,具有较高的抗火性,可作为城市林业生物防火推荐树种。     

Colonization history, ecological shifts and diversification in the evolution of endemic Galápagos weevils

Mitochondrial DNA sequence data were obtained for eight species of flightless Galapaganus endemic weevils and one winged close relative in order to study their colonization history and modes of diversification in the Galápagos Archipelago. Contrary to most other insular radiations, the phylogeny estimates we recovered for Galapaganus do not follow the progression rule of island biogeography. The penalized likelihood age estimates of colonization of the archipelago exceed the age of the emerged islands and underscore the potential role of now sunken seamounts for the early evolution of Galapaganus . The phylogeny proposes one intra-island origin for Galapaganus endemics, but monophyly tests suggest a larger contribution of in-situ speciation on older islands. Generalist habitat preferences were reconstructed as ancestral while shifts to highland habitats were reconstructed as having evolved independently on different islands. Magnitudes and patterns of diversification rate were found to differ between older and younger islands. Our analyses reveal that the colonization sequence of islands and timing of colonization of Galapaganus could be linked with the geological and volcanic history of the islands in a rather complex scenario. Even though most islands appear to have been colonized soon after their emergence, there are notable deviations from the pattern of sequential colonization expected under the progression rule when considering only the extant emerged islands. Patterns of diversification rate variation on older and younger islands correspond to the volcanic activity or remnants of such activity, while the pattern of independent evolution of restricted habitat preferences in different islands suggests that habitat shifts could also have contributed to species diversity in Galapaganus .     

火山岩滤料固定化恶臭假单胞菌条件的优化及其吸附铜离子的研究

以多孔介质火山岩滤料为载体,探讨了温度、转速、反应器的底面积等因素对滤料固定化恶臭假单胞菌的影响,比较了固定化恶臭假单胞菌野生菌和重组菌吸附Cu2+的效果.结果表明,火山岩滤料固定化恶臭假单胞菌的最优条件为选择底面积较大的反应器、30℃、静置条件下吸附3.5h.固定化野生菌、重组菌滤料及空白滤料对Cu2+的吸附率依次为:74.76％、89.36％和55.09％.为多孔载体固定化微生物在废水处理中的应用提供了实验依据.     

Schistosoma mansoni: Characterization of two circulating polysaccharide antigens and the immunological response to these antigens in mouse,hamster, and human infections

In this study the nature and occurrence of two circulating polysaccharide antigens of Schistosoma mansoni, circulating anodic antigen (CAA) and circulating cathodic antigen (CCA), and the immunological response to these antigens in mouse, hamster, and human infections were investigated. Both CAA and CCA showed a large molecular weight range, less than 50,000 to over 300,000 for CAA and 50,000 to over 300,000 for CCA, possibly representing monomers and polymers. CAA and CCA could be purified from the trichloroacetic acid-soluble fraction of adult worm antigen (AWA-TCA) by means of DEAE ion exchange chromatography. The presence of at least two other components in AWA-TCA was shown. Both CAA and CCA were found to be gut associated, and could be demonstrated in the vomitus and in the excretory and secretory antigens of adult worms. Both antigens were present in the kidney eluates of infected hamsters, while CCA could normally be detected in the urine of these hamsters and CAA only occasionally. CAA was demonstrated in the Kupffer cells of the livers of infected mice and hamsters. Antibodies against CAA and CCA were shown in mouse, hamster, and human infections. In human infections specific IgM titers against these antigens were especially elevated in children and in recent infections of adults.     

关于以色列国的基巴拉和哈约尼姆两洞穴的微矿物的研究：对于考古纪录中灰烬沉积的认识

关于以色列国的基巴拉和哈约尼姆两洞穴的微矿物的研究：对于考古纪录中灰烬沉积的认识斯·韦纳斯·希格尔奥·巴·约瑟夫关键词火,灰烬,矿物,红外光谱学,成岩作用火的考古纪录对于认识早期人类的技术能力是十分有趣的。通过研究烧骨、炭屑、石器、以及高温对于烧过的...     

Integrated generation of solid fuel and biogas from green cut material from landscape conservation and private households

Green cut material is a potential source of renewable energy which is not fully exploited through conventional energy recovery systems. A new energy conversion process, the integrated generation of solid fuel and biogas from biomass (IFBB), which includes mechanical separation after hydro-thermal conditioning, was investigated. Ash softening temperature and lower heating value of the solid fuel were increased through the IFFB process in comparison to the untreated raw material. The net energy yield of IFBB at 40 °C conditioning temperature ranged between 1.96 and 2.85 kWh kg(-1) dry matter (DM) and for the direct combustion between 1.75 and 2.65 kWh kg(-1) DM. Conversion efficiencies for the IFBB system were 0.42-0.68 and for direct combustion 0.42-0.63. The IFBB system produces storable energy from material which is nowadays not used for energy conversion.     

The elemental content in the mycelium of the ectomycorrhizal fungus Piloderma sp. during the colonization of hardened wood ash

Piloderma sp., a wood ash-colonizing ectomycorrhizal (EM) fungus, was grown symbiotically with Norway spruce in microcosms which contained granules of hardened wood ash. Mycelium close to the granules was sampled 3 times over a period of 11 weeks and the elemental content was investigated with particle induced X-ray emission. Mycelium from microcosms without wood ash was used as controls. The contents of P and K were similar in mycelium growing close to wood ash granules to those in control mycelium, while the Ca content increased from 23±21 mg g^–1 in controls to 63±8 mg g^–1 in mycelium growing close to wood ash granules. The Ca content was also increased in other parts of the mycelium more distant from the wood ash. Piloderma sp. may have a role in the short-term storage of Ca released from wood ash, rather than in releasing and storing P.     

Composition of essential oil from leaves of Eucalyptus delegatensis

The major components of a dichloromethane extract of mature Eucalyptus delegatensis leaves were cis- and trans-p-2-menthen-1-ol, trans-piperitol, α- and β-eudesmol, 4-phenyl-2-butanone and methyl cinnamate. The major terpenoid was considered to be trans-piperitol, which was responsible for the peppermint aroma of freshly crushed leaves. The steam distillate of the same leaves contained the above compounds together with a number of monoterpene hydrocarbons which were considered to be artefacts. Use of these hydrocarbons as chemotaxonomic markers was considered to be erroneous.     

几种粉煤灰对磷素吸附与解吸特性的研究

通过吸附解吸和培养试验, 研究了几种粉煤灰对磷素吸附与解吸特性.结果表明,粉煤灰的全磷含量和有效磷含量分别为0.545～4.540 g·kg^-1和19.55～163.0 mg·kg^-1,显著高于土壤,粉煤灰对磷吸附量随着加入溶液磷浓度的增加而增加,但其吸附率随着加入溶液磷浓度的增加而减少;粉煤灰的吸磷率比土壤高,但其解吸率低.这主要是由于粉煤灰比土壤存在更多的磷吸附位点且结合能大,不易解吸.Langmuir方程、Freundlich方程和Temkin方程都能很好地拟合粉煤灰对磷吸附,其中Langmuir方程的MBC、Freundlich方程的a和Temkin方程的k2都可以表征粉煤灰对磷吸附能力, MBC、a和k2值越大,则吸磷能力越强.不同来源的粉煤灰的MBC、a和k2值不同,其大小顺序为：湘潭电厂(5 167.7,4 056.2,831.5)>岳阳纸厂(1 650.7,2 803.4,711.9)>华能电厂(303.0,1 677.6,368.7)>株洲电厂(76.2,464.2, 211.0) > 洞庭氮肥厂(34.7,413.48,213.8).粉煤灰对磷吸附固定作用随粉煤灰含水量的增加有增大的趋势.粉煤灰对磷吸附主要是专性吸附和化学沉淀反应,所以在施用粉煤灰改良土壤或利用粉煤灰制造复混肥时,须考虑粉煤灰对磷的固定作用及粉煤灰含水量的影响.     

粉煤灰滤泥混合物对土壤性质、萝卜产量与品质的影响

粉煤灰和滤泥以1：1（w/w）比例混合并添加少量化肥配制成混合物,通过盆栽试验研究该混合物农用对土壤生物化学性质、萝卜产量和品质的影响以及重金属在土壤和萝卜中的富集状况。结果表明,该混合物中Dd、Pb、Cr、As和Hg含量均明显低于国家农用粉煤灰中污染物控制标准;施用一定数量的该混合物未见导致重金属在土壤和萝卜中的明显富集作用,重金属污染指数均＜1;土壤细菌数量显著增加;脲酶、磷酸酶和纤维素酶的活性增强;促进了萝卜的生长发育和代谢作用,萝卜的生物产量、经济产量、还原糖和维生素C的含量均明显提高,因此,适量施用该混合物未见导致重金属对土壤和萝卜的明显污染,且具有较明显的改土培肥、增产和提高萝卜品质的效果。