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51.
林隙干扰和升温对小兴安岭红松和臭冷杉径向生长的影响   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
通过建立小兴安岭阔叶红松(Pinus koraiensis)林内林隙与非林隙红松、臭冷杉(Abies nephrolepis)轮宽年表,分析林隙干扰(微环境差异)和1980年后显著升温对树木径向生长的影响。结果表明:升温减缓了非林隙红松生长,却加快了林隙红松生长;升温后,非林隙红松受温度影响减弱,而林隙红松则增强,林隙和非林隙红松径向生长与帕默尔干旱指数(Palmer drought severity index,PDSI)均由负相关变为正相关;林隙干扰导致臭冷杉径向生长减缓,升温导致林隙与非林隙臭冷杉年生长量均下降了约50%,非林隙木对温度的负响应要高于林隙木;升温后,5—10月温度对非林隙木抑制作用明显,非生长季(1—5月)降水对非林隙臭冷杉的抑制作用加强,而对林隙臭冷杉则由抑制变为促进;PDSI与非林隙臭冷杉由升温前的负相关变为升温后的正相关,而林隙臭冷杉则负相关更显著;林隙干扰减少耐荫喜湿树木径向生长,而对阳性树种影响不大或略有增加;林隙木比非林隙木更易受外界环境变化的影响,林隙干扰可使喜湿耐荫树种提前适应暖干环境,以提高了对升温适应性;升温导致林隙木与非林隙木年轮气候响应差异变大。  相似文献   
52.
    
Aim There has been considerable debate about pre‐settlement stand structures in temperate woodlands in south‐eastern Australia. Traditional histories assumed massive tree losses across the region, whereas a number of recent histories propose that woodlands were originally open and trees regenerated densely after settlement. To reconcile these conflicting models, we gathered quantitative data on pre‐settlement stand structures in EucalyptusCallitris woodlands in central New South Wales Australia, including: (1) tree density, composition, basal area and canopy cover at the time of European settlement; and (2) post‐settlement changes in these attributes. Location Woodlands dominated by Eucalyptus species and Callitris glaucophylla, which originally occupied approximately 100,000 km2 in central New South Wales, Australia. Methods We recorded all evidence of pre‐settlement trees, including stumps, stags and veteran trees, from 39 relatively undisturbed 1‐ha stands within 16 State Forests evenly distributed across the region. Current trees were recorded in a nested 900 m2 quadrat at each site. Allometric relationships were used to estimate girth over bark at breast height, tree basal area, and crown diameter from the girth of cut stumps. A post‐settlement disturbance index was developed to assess correlations between post‐settlement disturbance and attributes of pre‐settlement stands. Results The densities of all large trees (> 60 cm girth over bark at breast height) were significantly greater in current stands than at the time of European settlement (198 vs. 39 trees ha?1). Pre‐settlement and current stands did not differ in basal area. However, the proportional representation of Eucalyptus and Callitris changed completely. At the time of settlement, stands were dominated by Eucalyptus (78% of basal area), whereas current stands are dominated by Callitris (74%). On average, Eucalyptus afforded 83% of crown cover at the time of settlement. Moreover, the estimated density, basal area and crown cover of Eucalyptus at the time of settlement were significantly negatively correlated with post‐settlement disturbance, which suggests that these results underestimate pre‐settlement Eucalyptus representation in the most disturbed stands. Main conclusions These results incorporate elements of traditional and recent vegetation histories. Since European settlement, State Forests have been transformed from Eucalyptus to Callitris dominance as a result of the widespread clearance of pre‐settlement Eucalyptus and dense post‐settlement recruitment of Callitris. Tree densities did increase greatly after European settlement, but most stands were much denser at the time of settlement than recent histories suggest. The original degree of dominance by Eucalyptus was unexpected, and has been consistently underestimated in the past. This study has greatly refined our understanding of post‐settlement changes in woodland stand structures, and will strengthen the foundation for management policies that incorporate historical benchmarks of landscape vegetation changes.  相似文献   
53.
不同植被恢复方式下红壤线虫数量特征   总被引:25,自引:7,他引:25       下载免费PDF全文
李辉信  刘满强  胡锋  陈小云  何圆球 《生态学报》2002,22(11):1882-1889
退化红壤不同植被恢复方式下土壤线虫数量的顺序为:保护荒地>干扰荒地>马尾松>小叶栋>木荷>混交林(木荷—马尾松)。土壤线虫数量的季节波动明显:春季和冬季较多,秋季居中,而夏季极显著少于其它季节(尸<o.01)。就线虫数量季节变异系数所体现的群落稳定性而言,马尾松林地的变异系数最高(P<0.05),指示其群落最不稳定。线虫数量在土壤剖面中呈明显的垂直梯度分布。在表层土壤,线虫数量与代表碳氮和生物活性水平的土壤质量指标,如有机碳、全氮、速效氮磷、微生物量、潜在可矿化碳氮、基础呼吸、酶活性等,一般呈极显著正相关(P<0.01);而与代表土壤物理性质及交换性能的指标,如含水量、容重、颗粒组成、速效钾等一般没有相关性。鉴别分析(CDA)将不同植被下的祥地分为3组,自荒1和自荒2为1组,小叶栋、木荷和混交林为1组,而马尾松单独为1组。总之,不同植被恢复下线虫数量的分异韧步体现了线虫指示红壤质量的潜力。  相似文献   
54.
  总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1       下载免费PDF全文
《植物生态学报》2015,39(12):1156
Aims Ecosystem light use efficiency (LUE) reflects the ability of CO2 uptake and light utilization via photosynthesis, which is a key parameter in ecosystem models to evaluate ecosystem productivity. The objectives of this study were to: (1) compare the differences of LUE derived from different methods; (2) elucidate the seasonal dynamics of LUE and its regulatory factors; and (3) evaluate the maximum LUE (LUEmax) and its variability based on eddy-covariance (EC) flux.Methods Using the flux data from an EC tower during 2003-2005 at a broad-leaved Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis) mixed forest, Changbai Mountain, two types of LUE indicators were generated from: 1) the apparent quantum yield (ε) estimated with rectangular hyperbolic curve, and 2) the ecological light use efficiency (LUEeco) calculated as the ratio between gross ecosystem productivity (GEP) and photosynthetically-active radiation (Q).Important findings The seasonal variation of ε and LUEeco appeared a unimodal pattern within a year, with the variations significantly dominated by soil surface temperature and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). A positive correlation between GEP and LUE was found for both ε and LUEeco, with the effect of Q on LUE relatively weak. The increase in diffusion radiation appeared favorable for enhanced LUE. Generally, there was a significant positive relationship between ε and LUEeco, while ε was higher than LUEeco, especially during the mid-season. The annual maximum value of ε and LUEeco was (0.087 ± 0.003) and (0.040 ± 0.002) μmol CO2·μmol photon-1 over the three years, respectively. The interannual variability of LUEmax for ε and LUEeco was 4.17% and 4.25%, respectively, with a maximum difference of >8%, likely resulted from considerable uncertainty in model simulations. Our results indicated that the inversion and optimization of maximum LUE should be taken seriously in the application of LUE models.  相似文献   
55.
小兴凯湖的水生植被及其生态作用   总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8  
本文论述了小兴凯湖水生植物的种类组成、植被类型、生物量及其在湖泊淤积和渔业中的作用。该湖属老年期湖泊,水生维管束植物共有25科56种,优势种为竹叶眼子菜、荇菜、芦、菰等。植被类型可划分为沉水植被、浮叶植被和挺水植被等三个亚型,包括12个主要植物群丛。全湖水生植物总生物量(湿重)为196380吨;以植物现存量计算,草食性鱼类的年生产力应为78.75吨。由于水生植物大量繁殖,为减缓湖泊的垫平作用,可适量放养草食性鱼类,控制住水生植物的过量繁殖;同时引种一些经济水生植物,压住水中杂草的生长。  相似文献   
56.
山地花粉传播过程受多种因素的影响,其散布规律较为复杂。厘清不同区域现代花粉的垂直散布规律与植被、气候的关系,将有助于化石花粉的正确解译与定量重建。研究选取南岳衡山典型垂直植被带,沿海拔梯度从山顶1061 m向山脚202 m,共采集了21个表土花粉样品,运用花粉分析和数值统计等方法,获得以下认识: (1)衡山现代表土花粉组合中乔灌木类型以松属、杉科、壳斗科、木犀科和蔷薇科等占优势,草本类型以禾本科、蒿属和莎草科等为主。(2)本区域松属和蒿属可能具有超代表性,杉科、蔷薇科、木犀科和盐肤木属代表性适中,壳斗科、樟科、木兰属、槭属和禾本科具有低代表性。(3)表土花粉组合在本研究区的四类植被带中有明显差异,代表性的花粉类型与周边植物组合具有较好的一致性,其中常绿阔叶树/落叶阔叶树和松属/杉科(P/T)的花粉比值在各植被带中差异显著。(4)影响衡山表土花粉分布的主要气候因子为年均温,且与P/T的相关性较强,因此P/T或可作为区域地层花粉古气候重建的参考指标。  相似文献   
57.
杨磊  卫伟  莫保儒  陈利顶 《生态学报》2011,31(11):3060-3068
土壤水分是制约半干旱黄土丘陵区植被恢复和生态建设的关键因子。而缺乏科学指导的人工植被恢复会加剧土壤水分耗竭,造成土壤水分亏缺,从而严重阻碍该区生态系统恢复和脆弱生境的有效改善。本研究以典型半干旱黄土丘陵区甘肃定西龙滩流域为例,对比不同植被恢复模式下土壤储水状况,并通过构建土壤水分相对亏缺指数CSWDI(Compared Soil Water Deficit Index)和样地土壤水分相对亏缺指数PCSWDI(Plot Compared Soil Water Deficit Index)进行定量化分析与评价,发现各人工植被均存在不同程度的土壤水分亏缺。其中,柠条、油松、山杏林地PCSWDI分别达到0.65、0.62、0.62,土壤水分亏缺严重,尤其是100 cm以下土层;山毛桃林地和苜蓿草地PCSWDI分别为0.38和0.17,在100—200 cm土层有一定程度的水分亏缺,但相对较轻;侧柏林地土壤水分的亏缺主要集中在20—100 cm这一层次,100 cm以下则随深度增加而降低;0—200 cm土层内,杨树林地、撂荒草地和马铃薯农地无显著水分亏缺,且在0—100 cm内土壤水分有一定的补充。CSWDI和PCSWDI能有效反映不同层次和样地土壤水分相对亏缺状况,可用于同一地区不同植被恢复模式土壤水分响应的定量化分析与评估。  相似文献   
58.
This paper reports a preliminary investigation about National Wetlands Inventory (NWI) maps to see how they might be used in conjunction with other sources of information to provide offsite wetlands regulatory delineation. A geographic information system was used to overlay and compare NWI maps with ground-based tree species composition data from the US Department of Agriculture Forest Service Forest Inventory and Analysis program (FIA). Ninety plots located in the Apalachicola National Forest in northern Florida were used. The NWI mapped 42 of the 90 plots as wetlands. FIA data was used to calculate Prevalence Index (PI) scores. Twenty-four additional plots had PI < 3.0 and thus had hydrophytic vegetation. These plots may also have been wetlands by the Cowardin definition. The hypothesis that wetland identification did not differ between natural-origin versus planted forests was evaluated. NWI classified 61% of natural stands with PI <3.0 as wetlands, whereas 38% of planted stands with PI < 3.0 were mapped as wetlands. There were statistically significant differences (P < 0.05) in the relationships between hydrophytic vegetation and wetland status for plantations and natural-origin stands. FIA data was used to compare the actual frequency of species found in wetlands with the frequency ranges assigned for the NWI Regional Indicators. The observed frequency of occurrence in NWI-mapped wetlands agreed with the Regional Indicator frequency range for 6 of the 18 species. Most species not in agreement were reasonably close to their assigned frequency range, but some differed substantially. While this was a pilot-scale study, we believe that this technique can ultimately yield valuable new information on the tree characteristics of NWI wetlands, especially at larger spatial scales, such as states or regions.  相似文献   
59.
崇明东滩盐沼植被扩散格局及其形成机制   总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8       下载免费PDF全文
曹浩冰  葛振鸣  祝振昌  张利权 《生态学报》2014,34(14):3944-3952
长江河口盐沼植被的形成和演化是生物与其生长环境相互作用的结果。以崇明东滩盐沼植被典型扩散前沿为研究对象,2011至2012年期间调查了盐沼植被扩散前沿实生苗扩散、定居以及形成的扩散格局,同时测定了盐沼植被扩散前沿的潮滩冲淤动态和水文动力条件。研究结果表明,崇明东滩盐沼植被在扩散前沿形成了互花米草-光滩(Spartina alterniflora-Mudflat,SM)和互花米草-海三棱藨草-光滩(Spartina alterniflora-Scirpus mariqueter-Mudflat,SSM)两种典型的扩散格局。冲淤动态和水文动力条件是影响盐沼植被扩散格局的重要因子,尤其是在4—6月盐沼植物实生苗传播和定居的关键阶段。在此基础上,分析了东滩盐沼植被扩散前沿的生物-物理相互作用以及盐沼植被扩散格局的形成机制。研究结果不仅有助于理解长江河口地区盐沼植被扩散的生物物理过程,并对全球气候变化和海平面上升条件下滨海生态系统动态预测与湿地保护与管理具有重要的意义。  相似文献   
60.
长江春大豆核心种质构建及分析   总被引:33,自引:2,他引:33  
利用长江春大豆初选核心种质SSR(simple sequence repeat)标记和农艺性状表型等基础数据,对用不同个体取样方法以及不同数据类型建立的核心种质进行评价,目的是确定中国大豆(Glycine max)核心种质的最佳取样策略提供依据,结果表明,根据SSR分子数据聚类,采用类内随机取样,类内以遗传相似性系数取样以及仅依据遗传相似性系数取样都可用于大豆核心种质构建,但是综合不同评价参数发现,以类内随机取样最佳,类内按遗传相似性系数取样次之,单独以遗传相似性系数取样较差。分析不同SSR等位变异保留比例的遗传多样性指数发现,当保留90%和80%的SSR等位变异时,核心种质具有更高的遗传多样性,由于与SSR分子数据种质遗传关系评价的不一致性,农艺性状等基础数据虽然可用来构建核心种质,但其SSR分子水平代表性相对较低,本研究结果还表明,用不同方法或同一方法不同重复次数取样建立的核心种质具有异质性,且这种异质性随核心种质取样比例的降低而增大,因此,虽然可依据不同数据类型确定相应的方法建立核心种质,但综合表型和分子数据建立的核心种质更具有代表性。  相似文献   
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