混杂试验的多元分析

本文首次提出混杂试验的多元统计分析方法,并以香茅肥料试验为实例,论述平方和与乘积和矩阵的分解及总自由度的裂分方法,各种WilksA统计量的构造及其显著性测验法．最后给出了笔者编制的SAS统计分析程序．     

Application of DNA metabarcoding on faeces to identify European catfish Silurus glanis diet

In this study, the results of conventional stomach‐content analysis are compared with the recent DNA metabarcoding approach on faeces to identify fish species consumed by non‐native European catfish Silurus glanis in the Garonne River (south‐western France), with a special emphasis on anadromous prey. Fourteen prey species were identified in the stomach contents or faeces, including four anadromous fish species. Despite higher intestine than stomach emptiness, more species were identified through faecal analysis (11 of 14) than through stomach‐content analysis (five of 14) suggesting that DNA metabarcoding on faeces is an efficient, non‐intrusive technique to study the diet of predatory fishes.     

一种新的短链脱氢/还原酶家族新成员:NADP(H)-依赖的视黄醇脱氢酶基因的克隆和分析

从牛的肝脏中快速抽提总RNA,根据GenBank已发表NADP(H)-依赖的视黄醇脱氢酶基因(NRDR)的cDNA序列,设计并合成特异引物,利用cDNA末端快速扩增(RACE)方法和反转录-聚合酶链式反应(RT-PCR),得到牛肝内的NRDR cDNA的全长序列。经测序证实,牛肝NRDR的全长cDNA序列为1266bp,其开放读码框架在24～806bp,编码260个氨基酸(GenBank登录号：AF487454)。根据NRDR基因推导出的氨基酸序列与人、鼠、兔有高度同源性,并含有SDR超家族成员的两个高度保守的模序,在其C-端含有过氧化物酶体的靶向序列为SHL。结果表明,牛的NRDR应属于过氧化物酶体内SDR超家族成员并在维甲酸合成的限速步骤起作用的酶,也为维甲酸合成的传统通路提供一个补充。     

观赏羽衣甘蓝SSR标记分型与亲缘关系研究

观赏羽衣甘蓝凭借优良的观赏特性和抗逆性已经成为重要的冷季观赏植物。国内观赏羽衣甘蓝育种起步较晚,并且缺乏对种质资源遗传背景的系统研究。本研究应用SSR标记对不同类型的观赏羽衣甘蓝材料进行标记分型和亲缘关系分析。从99对均匀分布于甘蓝基因组的SSR引物中筛选出46对多态性好的引物,对27份不同类型的观赏羽衣甘蓝材料进行标记分型,共扩增出210个多态性位点,平均PIC值为0.58。进一步利用标记分型结果进行STRUCTURE群体结构、UPGMA聚类和聚类热图分析,结果显示3种分析结果基本一致,可以将27份材料分为圆叶、羽叶和皱叶3种类型,其中圆叶和羽叶类型的亲缘关系更近,与皱叶类型的亲缘关系较远;STRUCTURE分析还可以将双亲为不同类型的杂交种材料进行区分;聚类热图分析可以将标记分型结果形象的展示出来。本研究为进一步建立观赏羽衣甘蓝分子指纹图谱,明确种质资源的遗传背景,建立观赏羽衣甘蓝分子标记辅助选择育种体系,培育具有自主知识产权的新品种奠定基础。     

A comparison of major histocompatibility complex SNPs in Han Chinese residing in Taiwan and Caucasians

Summary Genetic dissection of complex diseases is both important and challenging. The human major histocompatibility complex is involved in many human diseases and genetic mechanisms. This highly polymorphic chromosome region has been extensively studied in Caucasians but not as well in Asians. Thus, we compared genotypic distributions, linkage disequilibria and haplotype blocks between Caucasian and Taiwan’s Han Chinese populations. Moreover, we investigated the population admixture and phylogenetic system in Han Chinese residing in Taiwan. The results show that Taiwan’s Han Chinese differ drastically in genotypic information compared with Caucasians but are relatively homogeneous among the three major ethnic subgroups, Minnan, Hakka and Mainlanders. Differences in allele frequency (AF) between Taiwanese and Caucasians in some disease-associated loci may reveal clues to differences in disease prevalence. The results of ethnic heterogeneity imply that public databases should be used with caution in cases where the study population(s) differs from the population characterized in the database. The high homogeneity we observed among the Taiwanese subpopulations mitigates the possibility of spurious association caused by ignoring population stratification in Taiwanese disease gene association studies. These results are useful for understanding our genetic background and designing future disease gene mapping studies.Electronic Supplementary Material Supplementary material is available for this article at and is accessible for authorized users.     

高山被孢霉淬灭方法及胞内代谢产物的气相色谱-质谱分析比较

在花生四烯酸生产菌高山被孢霉代谢组学研究中,需利用胞内代谢物的提取手段并基于气相色谱-质谱（GC-MS）分析方法对其进行检测。比较了3种胞内代谢物提取方法及不同色谱柱条件下GC-MS分析结果。研究表明：采用冷甲醇淬灭分别较液氮直接淬灭及真空过滤后,减少了胞内代谢物的泄露并更好地实现了胞外及胞内代谢物的分离。在对代谢物分析的比较中,极性色谱柱（DB-FFAP）检出的代谢物仅为11种,主要为有机酸、醛类;而代谢物经衍生化后采用非极性色谱柱（DB-5）共检出32种化合物,主要为糖、糖苷及醇类。     

Modeling senescence changes of the pubic symphysis in historic Italian populations: A comparison of the Rostock and forensic approaches to aging using transition analysis

Age‐related anatomical changes to the surface of the pubic symphysis are well‐documented in the literature. However, aligning these morphological changes with chronological age has proven problematic, often resulting in biased age estimates. Statistical modeling provides an avenue for forensic anthropologists and bioarchaeologists to increase the accuracy of traditional aging methods. Locating appropriate samples to use as a basis for modeling age estimations can be challenging due to differing sample age distributions and potentially varying patterns of senescence. We compared two approaches, Rostock and Forensic, coupled with a Bayesian methodology, to address these issues. Transition analysis was run specific to each method (which differ by sample selection). A Gompertz model was derived from an informative prior that yielded the mortality and senescence parameters for constructing highest posterior density ranges, i.e., coverages, which are analogous to age ranges. These age ranges were generated from both approaches and are presented as reference tables useful for historic male and female Italian samples. The age ranges produced from each approach were tested on an historic Italian sample, using cumulative binomial tests. These two approaches performed similarly, with the Forensic approach showing a slight advantage. However, the Forensic approach is unable to identify varying senescence patterns between populations, thus preference for one approach over the other will depend on research design. Finally, we demonstrate that while populations exhibit similar morphological changes with advancing age, there are no significant sex differences in these samples, and the timing of these changes varies from population to population. Am J Phys Anthropol 156:466–473, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Conserving the functional and phylogenetic trees of life of European tetrapods

Protected areas (PAs) are pivotal tools for biodiversity conservation on the Earth. Europe has had an extensive protection system since Natura 2000 areas were created in parallel with traditional parks and reserves. However, the extent to which this system covers not only taxonomic diversity but also other biodiversity facets, such as evolutionary history and functional diversity, has never been evaluated. Using high-resolution distribution data of all European tetrapods together with dated molecular phylogenies and detailed trait information, we first tested whether the existing European protection system effectively covers all species and in particular, those with the highest evolutionary or functional distinctiveness. We then tested the ability of PAs to protect the entire tetrapod phylogenetic and functional trees of life by mapping species'' target achievements along the internal branches of these two trees. We found that the current system is adequately representative in terms of the evolutionary history of amphibians while it fails for the rest. However, the most functionally distinct species were better represented than they would be under random conservation efforts. These results imply better protection of the tetrapod functional tree of life, which could help to ensure long-term functioning of the ecosystem, potentially at the expense of conserving evolutionary history.