城市公园植被特征对陆生鸟类集团的影响

城市公共绿地是城市生态系统中重要的鸟类栖息地,其植被特征对鸟类集团存在显著影响。在通过分析植被特征对陆生鸟类集团的作用,从而为公园合理配置植被来提高其作为野生动物栖息地的生态服务功能提供理论基础。2009年10月至2011年10月,采用样线法对上海滨江森林公园进行鸟类调查,利用主成分分析划分鸟类集团,用高度定义植被层次,用卡方检验分析鸟类行为在植被层次上的差异。结果表明,滨江森林公园陆生鸟类群落在乔木层的栖息行为和运动行为频次显著多于其在灌木层和地被层的行为频次,在地被层的取食行为频次显著多于其在乔木层和灌木层的行为频次。陆生鸟类可划分为8个鸟类集团,鸟类集团之间存在栖息、运动和取食空间生态位的重叠。食虫拾取集团、杂食拾取集团、食肉飞取集团和植食拾取集团在栖息、运动和取食空间生态位上均存在较高的重叠度,其通过食性分离各自空间生态位。食虫探取集团和食虫飞取集团互为栖息空间生态位重叠度最高集团,其通过取食方式的不同来实现生态位的分离。根据公园植被特征对鸟类集团的影响结果对上海市公园绿地植被配置提出了建议。     

Insights into the relationship between colony formation and extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) composition of the cyanobacterium Microcystis spp

Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) were considered as fundamental substances in colony formation; however, the understanding of EPS composition remains limited. This study analyzed the content and composition of EPS fractions (soluble EPS, loosely bound EPS, and tightly bound EPS) of four Microcystis species from laboratory cultures in both unicellular and colonial morphologies, as well as colonies collected during Microcystis blooms, using fluorescence excitation - emission matrix spectroscopy combined with parallel factor analysis (EEM-PARAFAC). This method enables to make insight into protein-like and humic acid-like components but cannot detect polysaccharides. The EPS was successfully categorized into three humic acid-like components (C1 – C3) and a protein-like component (C4). Component C1 was discovered to be involved in colony formation and colony size growth of Microcystis. EPS content varied among Microcystis morphospecies, such as M. aeruginosa, M. wesenbergii and M. ichthyoblabe, and this was significantly affected by the environmental constraints rather than the morphospecies. The proportion of C1 relating to larger colony size was negatively correlated to temperature and concentrations of TN and TP. The tightly bound EPS directly promoted colony formation, but the soluble EPS or loosely bound EPS alone did not induce colony formation in Microcystis. These results advanced the current knowledge on the chemical materials involved in the colony formation of Microcystis and provided new clues in unicellular-multicellular transformation as well as colonial morphology changes in Microcystis.     

浙江安吉主要林地类型土壤渗透性

对浙江安吉县龙王山地区主要植被类型的土壤渗透性进行了研究.结果表明,不同土地利用类型的土壤渗透性存在很大差别.根据土壤渗透能力可将8种植被类型分为4类：第1类,落叶阔叶林,土壤渗透能力极强;第2类,草地、松林、灌木林和茶园,土壤渗透能力强;第3类,毛竹林和常绿阔叶林,土壤渗透较强;第4类,裸露地,土壤较紧实,土壤结构较差,土壤通透性不佳,渗透能力弱.经主分量分析,得到表征渗透性能综合参数α和表征根系特征的综合参数β,构建了回归方程：α=0.1708e^β-0.3122.土壤理化性质、植被根系显著地影响土壤渗透性能.植被根系提高土壤入渗性能的实质是≤1 mm细根能有效地改善土壤性状.     

广东省中山市五桂山土沉香空间遗传结构

为了解五桂山的土沉香(Aquilaria sinensis)种群空间遗传结构,利用18个微卫星位点对143株胸高直径大于5 cm的土沉香个体基因型进行了检测。结果表明,五桂山土沉香种群的观测杂合度和期望杂合度均为0.534;近交系数为0.000 1,说明五桂山土沉香遗传多样性并不低,且种群处于随机交配状况。空间遗传结构分析结果表明,五桂山土沉香缺乏空间遗传结构,不同遗传背景的个体相互混杂,导致相邻个体遗传差异较大。这可能是五桂山土沉香种群发育过程中自疏所致,也可能是这一地区土沉香为人工种植,而非自然发育形成而造成的。     

Theoretical studies on the necessary number of components in mixtures

Summary Theoretical studies on the optimal numbers of components in mixtures (for example multiclonal varieties or mixtures of lines) have been performed according to phenotypic yield stability (measured by the parameter variance). For each component i, i = 1, 2,..., n, a parameter u_i with 0 u_i 1 has been introduced reflecting the different survival and yielding ability of the components. For the stochastic analysis the mean of each u_i is denoted by u ₁ and its variance by _i ² For the character total yield the phenotypic variance V can be explicitly expressed dependent on 1) the number n of components in the mixture, 2) the mean of the _i ² 3) the variance of the _i ² 4) the ratio and 5) the ratio _i ² /² where denotes the mean of the u _i and _u ² is the variance of the u _j. According to the dependence of the phenotypic stability on these factors some conclusions can be easily derived from this V-formula. Furthermore, two different approaches for a calculation of necessary or optimal numbers of components using the phenotypic variance V are discussed: A. Determination of optimal numbers in the sense that a continued increase of the number of components brings about no further significant effect according to stability. B. A reduction of b % of the number of components but nevertheless an unchanged stability can be realized by an increase of the mean of the u _i by 1% (with and _u ² assumed to be unchanged). Numerical results on n (from A) and 1 (from B) are given. Computing the coefficient of variation v for the character total yield and solving for the number n of components one obtains an explicit expression for n dependent on v and the factors 2.-5. mentioned above. In the special case of equal variances, _i ² = _o ² for each i, the number n depends on v, x = (₀/)² and y = (_u/)². Detailed numerical results for n = n (v, x, y) are given. For x 1 and y 1 one obtains n = 9, 20 and 79 for v = 0.30, 0.20 and 0.10, respectively while for x 1 and arbitrary y-values the results are n = 11, 24 and 95.This publication is an extended version of a lecture given at the 1984-EUCARPIA meeting (Section Biometrics in Plant Breeding) in Stuttgart-Hohenheim (Federal Republic of Germany)     

Toxicity and Bioaccumulation of Petroleum Mixtures with Alkyl PAHs in Earthworms

The toxicities of three oil products with boiling-point ranges representative of petroleum hydrocarbons were tested on earthworms (Eisenia fetida) to investigate the correlation between bioaccumulated concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and toxicity. The toxicities to earthworms were in the sequence: kerosene > diesel > bunker-C. After 14 days, the LC50s of the soils contaminated with kerosene, diesel, and bunker-C were 1079, 9135, and 15,609 mg/kg, respectively. Analysis of the body residue concentrations of PAHs in the earthworms showed that the accumulation of alkyl PAHs predominated that of the 16 priority PAHs. Principal component analysis (PCA) identified 12 PAHs, including four alkylated naphthalenes, as the oil constituents that affected mortality in the kerosene-contaminated soil. For the diesel-contaminated soil, eight PAHs were identified, including dibenzothiophene. It was not clear which compounds affected mortality in the bunker-C soil. Across the three series, biota-to-soil accumulation factors (BSAFs) ranged from 10^–2.05 to 10^3.98, and generally increased as the hydrophobicity (K_ow) or molecular weight of the alkyl PAHs increased. The toxicity endpoints of each oil product can be used as reference values in the risk assessment of soils contaminated with petroleum, and individual PAHs screened out have implications for future toxicity assessment of petroleum hydrocarbons.     

Serological and structural features of Hafnia alvei lipopolysaccharides containing d-3-hydroxybutyric acid

Abstract The serological heterogeneity of Hafnia alvei lipopolysaccharides from strains ATCC 13337, 1187, 1221, 114/60, 1211 and 1216, that contain d -3-hydroxybutyric acid, was analyzed by rocket immunoelectrophoresis, immunoblotting and passive hemagglutination. The significance of d -3-hydroxybutyric acid component for their cross-reactivity has been discussed. The results obtained allowed us to place four H. alvei strains (ATCC 13337, 1187, 1221 and 114/60) in one serotype (A) and to consider two other strains (1211 and 1216) as separate serotypes (B and C, respectively).     

Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of the Essential Oil of Stachys officinalis (L.) Trevis. (Lamiaceae)

Characterization by GC‐FID and GC/MS analyses of the Stachys officinalis (L.) Trevis . essential oil obtained by hydrodistillation of the aerial parts allowed the identification of 190 components that represented 97.9% of the total oil content. The main constituents identified were germacrene D (19.9%), β‐caryophyllene (14.1%), and α‐humulene (7.5%). Terpenoids were by far predominant (89.4%), with sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (69.1%) and oxygenated sesquiterpenes (14.8%) being the most abundant compounds detected in the oil. Based on the present and previously published results, multivariate statistical comparison of the chemical composition of the essential oils was performed within the species. Principal component analysis (PCA) and agglomerative hierarchical clustering (AHC) of the data on the volatile profiles of S. officinalis taxa revealed no pronounced differences among the samples originated from the Balkan Peninsula. Additionally, the oil was screened for in vitro antibacterial and antifungal activity using the broth microdilution assay. The oil's best antimicrobial activities were obtained against the mold Aspergillus niger (minimal inhibitory (MIC) and minimal fungicidal (MFC) concentrations of 2.5 and 5.0 mg/ml, resp.) and the yeast Candida albicans (MIC and MFC of 5.0 mg/ml).