辽宁省2017年至2021年尿培养主要病原菌分布及临床意义

泌尿系统感染的临床发病率很高,仅次于呼吸系统感染。对分离的细菌进行鉴定以及药敏试验,有助于了解引起感染的各种细菌分布以及耐药情况。研究患者尿培养病原菌的分布以及临床常用抗生素耐药情况,从而为临床正确、合理使用药物提供参考。回顾分析了辽宁省2017年1月至2021年12月共4 865份尿标本感染菌鉴定结果和大肠埃希菌（Escherichia coli）的药物敏感试验结果,数据来自辽宁省各大医院。采用法国梅里埃VITEK MS全自动快速微生物质谱检测系统和/或VITEK 2 Compact全自动微生物鉴定仪进行菌种鉴定,对来自门诊和住院泌尿系统感染患者尿标本中分离的1 411株大肠埃希菌进行药敏试验分析。结果表明,尿培养的病原菌中主要以革兰阴性菌为主占66.2％,其次为革兰阳性菌。在革兰阴性菌当中大肠埃希菌占37.1%。大肠埃希菌对氨苄西林、环丙沙星、复方新诺明、头孢唑啉的耐药性比较高,每年的耐药率均超过50%,对哌拉西林的耐药率在2021年已经达到100%。而对于阿米卡星、呋喃妥英、美罗培南、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、头孢替坦和亚胺培南则出现较低的耐药性,五年的耐药率均低于10%。对于临床治疗尿路感染选用的左氧氟沙星、头孢呋辛和头孢曲松三个一线药物,大肠埃希菌对左氧氟沙星的耐药率有逐年上升的趋势,但对头孢呋辛和头孢曲松的耐药率变化不大。上述结果表明,辽宁省近五年尿培养的主要致病菌是革兰阴性菌,其中大肠埃希菌占有的比例很高。大肠埃希菌易产生耐药性,需对其加强监测,通过向临床提供最新最快的耐药性分析资料,可以更好地控制大肠埃希菌导致的感染,为临床合理用药及治疗提供帮助。     

Non‐invasive fecal hormone analysis and behavioral observations for monitoring stress responses in captive western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla)

Non‐invasive techniques for monitoring the stress response in captive western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) were investigated. Fecal samples for cortisol measurement and concurrent behavioral data were collected from six individuals in a socially housed gorilla group (one adult male, three adult females and their three offspring) over a 7‐month period. Despite inter‐individual variation in the dynamics of fecal cortisol concentrations over time, several major secretory peaks coincided across individuals. High cortisol concentrations in feces were correlated with induced stressors or behavioral observations indicating high social tension, with a 1–2 day lag period. Entry progression order of the gorillas into a den complex and a supplant‐based dominance index were suitable indicators of overall dominance hierarchies, and fluctuations over time reflected periods of instability. Diurnal variation in fecal cortisol was not apparent when comparing afternoon and morning samples, however the sample collection interval was relatively short (3–5 hr). These results demonstrate the feasibility of monitoring stress responses based on the dynamics of both fecal cortisol excretion and behavior. This non‐invasive approach may be used for gauging responses to changes in husbandry, environment and group structure of captive gorillas. Zoo Biol 0:1–15, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Variation in circulating and excreted estradiol associated with testicular activity in male marmosets.

Concentrations of estradiol (E2) are high in the urine of male marmosets, and links between E2 and paternal behavior have been proposed in black tufted-ear marmosets, Callithrix kuhlii. However, it is not clear whether urinary E2 in male marmosets: 1) represents production of E2 associated with testicular activity, 2) is associated with adrenal steroid production, or 3) merely reflects peripheral conversion of T to E2 prior to excretion. We tested the hypothesis that urinary E2 in male marmosets represents estrogen production-associated activity in the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad (HPG) axis. We treated adult male marmosets with gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), and used saline-treated males as controls. We collected blood and urine samples from males before and after treatment, and assayed them for testosterone (T), estradiol (E2), and cortisol (CORT). Treatment with GnRH increased circulating T and E2, and prevented decreases in levels of urinary T and E2. Moreover, changes in plasma and urinary E2 after treatment were positively correlated with post-treatment changes in T. Thus, our data are consistent with both plasma and urinary E2 in male marmosets increasing as a result of testicular stimulation. However, treatment with GnRH did not affect plasma or urinary CORT concentrations of males, suggesting that the E2 excreted by males is not of adrenal origin. We also compared urinary T, E2, and CORT levels between intact and castrated male common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus). Urinary concentrations of T and E2, but not CORT, were significantly lower in castrated than in intact males, further suggesting that E2 in male marmosets varies with testicular activity.     

Psychosocial and hormonal aspects of hierarchy formation in groups of male squirrel monkeys

Accounts of primate social dominance hierarchies often imply that the achievement of superior status is a “goal”, akin to a valued resource or commodity, and that hierarchies emerge in multimale groups from prolonged competitive conflicts over social status. This possibility is not consistent with our observations of five newly formed triads of adult male squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus). Stable linear hierarchies based on clear asymmetries in the direction of intermale agonism and genital displays were established quickly, with virtually no reciprocal fighting, and in the absence of rank-related differences in plasma cortisol or testosterone. Although affiliative social overtures were initiated more often by high-ranking and middle-ranking males, affiliative overtures were directed equally often toward all members of each group. From the outset of the study all males, regardless of rank, spent an average of 33% of their time huddling in affiliative contact with male cagemates. These results suggest that in newly formed groups of adult male squirrel monkeys, social hierarchies reflect an expedient convention that reduces conflict and facilitates the formation of small cohesive groups. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Styles of male social behavior and their endocrine correlates among high-ranking wild baboons

We have previously studied the relationship between dominance rank and physiology among male olive baboons (Papio anubis) living freely in a national park in Africa. In stable hierarchies, such males have distinctive secretory profiles of glucocorticoids and of testosterone. We find that these endocrine features are not, in fact, purely markers of social dominance; instead, they are found only among dominant males with particular stylistic traits of social behavior. One intercorrelated stylistic cluster revolved around the intensity with which the male is involved in sexual consortships (e.g., frequency of copulation, of grooming, degree to which feeding is suppressed by being in consortship). Males most involved in such consortships had the lowest basal cortisol concentrations and smaller cortisol stress-responses. A second stylistic cluster revolved around the degree of social affiliation (e.g., rate of grooming and interacting positively with non-estrus females and infants). Males who were highly affiliated had low basal cortisol concentrations and an attenuated cortisol stress-response. A third cluster revolved around the degree to which males could distinguish between highly threatening interactions with rivals and neutral or mildly threatening ones. Males most adept at this had lower basal cortisol concentrations. These behavioral/endocrine clusters were independent of each other. This suggests that the same adaptive physiological feature (e.g., low basal cortisol concentrations) may arise from different and independent personality styles. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Genetically determined electrophoretic variants of the major urinary protein (Mup) complex in mouse urine

The major urinary protein (Mup-complex) excreted in mouse urine, has been studied electrophoretically both on starch gel and on cellogel.
On stargel six anodally migrating protein bands were observed. These bands are designated component 3, 2', 2, 1, and 4 (i.e. two bands) in the order of decreasing mobility toward the anode. The slower protein band of component 4 on starch gel was not observed on cellogel.
By testing mouse inbred strains, we were able to dinstinguish five male and four female Mup phenotypes. Test crosses suggested a four-allelic ( a, b, c, d, ) variation with regard to components 2', 2 and 1: 'group A' strains showed component 1, 'group B' strains components 1 and 2, 'group C' and 'group F strains none, and 'group D' strains showed components 1 and 2'. Component 3 may be encoded by another Mup locus, although no crossing-over has been observed: presence (A, B, D, and F strains), absence (C strains). Insufficiently reproducible demonstration of the variation with regard to component 4, forced us to exclude this component for strain distinction.
The Mup phenotypes described, can be useful for the detection of certain strain contaminations, especially if F₁ hybrid Mup phenotypes are distinguishable     

The influence of gradual water acidification on the acid/base status and plasma hormone levels in carp

Carp ( Cyprinus carpio ) fitted with arterial catheters were subjected to gradual water acidification (from pH 7.6 to 4.0 in 4 h), and then monitored for 48 h. The measured blood parameters showed little or no disturbance; there was no ionoregulatory disturbance, no hyperglycemia, increase in plasma lactate, hypoxemia, or swelling of red blood cells. Only a slight transient decrease of plasma pH was found. Plasma catecholamine levels remained at control level. The plasma cortisol concentration showed a transient increase, and was returned to the control level 24 h after beginning water acidification.
Our results contrast with literature data on carp where exposure to pH 4.0 caused severe blood electrolyte disturbance. We conclude that the rate of water acidification (gradual in our study as compared to acute in the literature) rather than the pH level itself determines the early effects of water acidification.