天山北坡不同环境条件下雪岭云杉(Picea schrenkiana)林限土壤属性

为了研究干旱区天山北坡中山带长达1000余公里的单建群种山地针叶林的空间分布原因,选择精河、玛纳斯、阜康和巴里坤中山带作为四种不同的环境条件,通过对不同环境条件雪岭云杉(Picea schrenkiana)上、下限土壤的采样与分析,探讨土壤因素对天山北坡中山带雪岭云杉分布的控制作用.雪岭云杉在天山北坡的连续分布主要是水热组合条件和土壤因素相互作用的结果,上、下限土壤属性变化与环境条件变化间存在着紧密的联系,表现为降雨量丰富的玛纳斯林区土壤肥力较高,但CaCO3含量较低,而降雨量较小的巴里坤和精河林区土壤肥力较差,但CaCO3含量较高.虽然长达1000余公里的雪岭云杉中山带环境条件差异较大,但其土壤属性变化均在雪岭云杉发育所需土壤条件的允许范围之内,这主要是受土壤成土母质、不同海拔高度的降雨量、地形、局地环流等因素的共同影响.     

固沙树种梭梭在不同水分梯度下的光合生理特征

对不同水分梯度下梭梭光合作用的研究发现,地下水位、土壤含水量、灌水量对梭梭的光合具有明显的影响。在1．4m、2．4m、3．4m地下水位下,梭梭的光合速率、呼吸作用、量子效率随水位的降低而降低,光补偿点随水位的降低而增大;在滴灌供水时,梭梭的光合速率较对照明显提高,且灌水量越大,梭梭的光合速率越高;半流动沙丘、丘间低地、粘土沙障固定沙丘退化梭梭的光合作用的强弱同其林地土壤水分的高低基本一致。7月,不同水分梯度下的梭梭光合作用均表现出午休现象,9月只有立地条件较差的梭梭发生光合午休,而且9月光合作用要强于7月,说明9月环境条件更有利于梭梭生长。     

Will a 385 million year‐struggle for light become a struggle for water and for carbon? – How trees may cope with more frequent climate change‐type drought events

Trees are exceptional organisms that have evolved over some 385 million years and have overtaken other plants in order to harvest light first. However, this advantage comes with a cost: trees must transport water all the way up to their crowns and inherent physical limitations make them vulnerable to water deficits. Because climate change scenarios predict more frequent extreme drought events, trees will increasingly need to cope with water stress. Recent occurrences of climate change‐type droughts have had severe impacts on several forest ecosystems. Initial experimental studies have been undertaken and show that stomatal control of water loss hinders carbon assimilation and could lead to starvation during droughts. Other mechanisms of drought‐induced mortality are catastrophic xylem dysfunction, impeded long‐distance transport of carbohydrates (translocation) and also symplastic failure (cellular breakdown). However, direct empirical support is absent for either hypothesis. More experimental studies are necessary to increase our understanding of these processes and to resolve the mystery of drought‐related tree mortality. Instead of testing the validity of particular hypothesis as mechanisms of drought‐induced tree mortality, future research should aim at revealing the temporal dynamics of these mechanisms in different species and over a gradient of environmental conditions. Only such studies will reveal whether the struggle for light will become a struggle for water and/or for carbon in drought‐affected areas.     

山桐子实生优树选择研究初报

以四川等8个省份的山桐子野生资源为研究对象,通过实地走访和调查,了解山桐子资源分布状况和生态环境,利用产量、含油率等经济性状对山桐子野生群体进行优株选择。结果表明:安徽、江苏、浙江、江西各地主要以山桐子分布,而湖北、湖南、陕西、四川等地主要以山桐子的变异类型——毛叶山桐子为主,其中四川省毛叶山桐子分布较为密集;通过对各地点气候条件和土壤条件分析得出,山桐子适应性强,对气候要求不严,适合在微酸性土壤生长,尤喜肥沃土壤;根据能源油料植物原则对山桐子提出选优标准,从234株山桐子实生树中初步选择43个单株;主成分分析和聚类分析结果将43个单株划分为最高产量、较高产量和中产量3大类,且所有单株的单株产量、单位面积产量和全果含油率3个主要经济指标均高出群体平均值20%以上。本研究为山桐子种质资源收集与评价、优良种质或品种的选育奠定了重要基础。     

柳州市行道树资源调查与结构特征分析

该研究通过对柳州市区主要道路园林绿化全面踏勘,在四城区中筛选出68条道路行道树进行现场调查和综合评价。结果表明:(1)柳州市行道树共有28种,隶属于17科21属,常绿树种与落叶树种比例及乡土树种与外来树种比例合理。(2)柳州市行道树中小叶榕和黄葛榕在各城区应用频度较高,树种组成结构相对单一。(3)季相树种在各城区应用频度不均衡,部分城区春季景观营造效果显著,而夏秋冬季相景观效果不显著。(4)绿化达标率和林荫路推广率离国家生态园林城市还有较大差距,物种丰富度和多样性指数有待提高。建议加大乡土树种的应用与推广,提高各城区物种丰富度及季相树种的应用,营造城市道路特色季相景观。该研究成果提出了发展乡土树种、丰富树种多样性及季相景观营造的技术建议,对柳州市行道树树种规划和建设提供了科学依据。     

哈尔滨东部城乡土地梯度带的划分及景观结构

以哈尔滨市及东部郊区为对象,重点研究城乡土地梯度带的划分以及造成这种景观分异的内在机制,特别是对镶嵌在城市到乡村之间土地类型的数量变化,研究土地景观结构的特点.研究区范围东西35km,南北16km,在GIS平台上使用TM与SPOT卫星图像划分出东西2.5km,南北16km大小的14条等面积的连续梯度带,根据等面积梯度带的建筑密度和道路密度将研究区域划分为市区、近郊区、远郊区3个梯度区.应用计算机目视判读方法对研究区内进行了土地类型的识别及区划,利用GIS空间分析,计算了各种梯度带的内的不同土地类型的长度、面积.通过这些计算与分析研究了哈尔滨市及东部城乡之间不同梯度带的绿地景观空间结构特点,以绿地建设为核心,辅以城市景观结构及空间格局的特点,分析讨论不同城乡梯度带景观分异的成因.研究表明,区域道路密度和建筑物密度可以在一定程度上反应出城市化进程,据此将哈尔滨及东部城乡划分为市区、近郊区和远郊区;不同梯度区域有其各自的人文景观结构特点和绿地景观结构特点,讨论了造成这种梯度特征的内在机制,并对研究区域未来的城乡绿地及景观建设和可持续发展提出了建议.     

沈阳市建成区行道树的结构与功能研究

城市森林不仅可以减少城市中的裸露地面 ,更是大气污染的天然净化器。它可以促使大气中Ｏ2和ＣＯ2 的平衡 ,降低多种有害气体浓度 ,吸附空气中的灰尘[3] 。沈阳市是一个重工业城市 ,由于历史和现实的原因 ,以工矿企业污染物排放为主要污染源的大气污染日益严重。因此 ,城市森林的建设对于减轻城市大气污染至关重要。行道树是城市森林的重要组成部分 ,是连接城市分段隔离绿地的纽带 ,同时又为野生动物提供了栖息地及迁移通道 ,被认为是城市自然恢复的重要手段 ,其功能越来越受到人们的重视[8] 。怎样合理配置行道树的结构 ,发挥其最大生态效…     

基于Web的中国昆虫科级鉴别分类系统InsectID的设计与开发

详细介绍了国内首个昆虫科级鉴别分类网络系统InsectID(见http://insectx.3322.org)的设计思路、各组成部分的结构与功能,讨论了开发过程中分类检索表的转化与再现、系统分类树与特征解释机制的实现等关键问题。该系统具有分类单元全面、信息可靠、鉴定简单、扩充性强、更新便捷等诸多优点,是昆虫分类研究与教学的有力工具,也适用于其他生物分类系统的构建。     

Urban development and sustainability challenges chronicled by a century of construction material flows and stocks in Tiexi,China

Construction materials are considerable forces of global environmental impacts, but their dynamics vis‐à‐vis urban development are poorly documented, in part because their long lifespans require elusive and sometimes nonexistent decade‐long high‐resolution data. This study analyzes the construction material flow and stock trends that shaped and were shaped by the development, decline, and renewal of the Tiexi district of Shenyang, a microcosm of China's urban transformations since the early 20th century. Chronicling building‐by‐building the material flows and stock accumulations involved in the buildup of this area, we shed light on the physical resource context of its socioeconomic history. We find that 42 million tonnes of construction materials were needed to develop the Tiexi district from 1910 to 2018, and 18 million tonnes of material outflows were generated by end‐of‐life building demolition. However, over 55% of inflows and 93% of outflows occurred since 2002 during a complete redevelopment of the district. Only small portions of end‐of‐life materials could have been reused or recycled because of temporal and typological mismatches of supply and demand and technical limitations. Our analysis reveals a dramatic decrease in median building lifetimes to as low as 6 years in the early 21st century. These findings contribute to the discussion of long‐term environmental efficiency and sustainability of societal development through construction and reflect on the challenges of urban renewal processes not only in China but also in other developing and developed countries that lost (or may lose) their traditional economic base and restructure their urban forms. This article met the requirements for a Silver/Silver JIE data openness badge described at http://jie.click/badges .     

中国几种剧毒鹅膏菌的ITS序列分析

测定了来自中国不同地区的9个剧毒鹅膏菌的核糖体内转录间隔区(ITS)核苷酸序列.以湖南鹅膏为外类群,用ITS序列构建了系统进化树.结果表明:两个不同产地的欧氏鹅膏存在一定的差异,但仍可聚为同一组;欧氏鹅膏与其它几种剧毒鹅膏的亲缘关系较远;两个根据形态特征鉴定为灰花纹鹅膏的标本可能是两个不同的种;欧氏鹅膏、致命鹅膏和黄盖鹅膏白色变种这3个产生白色子实体的种系统演化上不是同源的.